@prefix rdf: . @prefix skos: . @prefix dct: . @prefix schema: . @prefix owl: . @prefix dcat: . @prefix prov: . @prefix void: . @prefix xsd: . dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Short motion graphics built from designed artwork, without recorded footage."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Animated graphics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Animated graphics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Standalone written pieces of editorial text with their own headline and body."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Articles"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for standalone written pieces that no narrower text format covers; recurring pieces under a fixed title go under Columns, and customer outcome accounts under the Case studies genre."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Articles"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Forms of editorial material that are primarily heard rather than read or watched."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Audio formats"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for material whose main medium is sound, including podcast episodes distributed as files; documents supplied for download go under Downloadable formats."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Audio formats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Recorded sound content, without a moving picture, that a listener plays as a complete item."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Audio recordings"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for standalone sound recordings that are not instalments of a serial programme; those go under Podcast episodes."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Audio recordings"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Visual displays of numerical data in graphical form, such as bar, line or scatter plots."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Charts"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for plots of numerical data, whether static or interactive; other designed static images go under Still graphics, and graphics that mix facts with imagery and text under Infographics."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Charts"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Short downloadable lists of tasks or criteria that a reader works through and ticks off."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Checklists"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Checklists"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Written pieces that recur under a fixed title in a regular place within a publication."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Columns"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for written pieces that recur under a fixed title or byline slot; one-off standalone pieces go under Articles."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Columns"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Forms of material built around structured records, tables or entries that readers search, compare or browse."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data and listing formats"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for structured records, tables and listings, including datasets offered as files; documents meant to be read go under Downloadable formats."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data and listing formats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Structured collections of data in tables or files, published so that readers can download or query them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Datasets"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Datasets"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Entries in a searchable catalogue that describe a supplier, product or service under a category."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Directory listings"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Directory listings"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Forms of editorial material supplied as a file that readers can save, print or keep."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Downloadable formats"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for documents supplied as a file to save or print, such as whitepapers, e-books and reports; written pieces read on the page go under Text formats, audio files under Audio formats, and data files under Data and listing formats."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Downloadable formats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Ebooks"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Long-form digital publications divided into chapters and read on a screen or device."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "E-books"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for long-form publications divided into chapters, whatever their purpose; shorter step-by-step documents go under Guides."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "E-books"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Entries in a calendar of upcoming gatherings that give the date, place and organiser of each."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Event listings"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Event listings"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Downloadable documents that take a reader through a subject step by step, with instructions or explanation."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Guides"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for downloadable step-by-step documents; long chaptered publications go under E-books, and the instructional genre of a piece is tagged with How-to guides in Editorial genres."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Guides"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Still graphics that present facts, figures or a process visually, combining imagery with brief text."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Infographics"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers graphics that combine imagery with facts, figures or a process in brief text. Plots of numerical data on their own are Charts; other designed static images are Still graphics."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Infographics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Forms of editorial material that respond to input from the reader and change according to their answers or choices."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Interactive formats"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Interactive formats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Online applications that take inputs from the reader and return results, such as calculators or configurators."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Interactive tools"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for calculators, configurators and similar tools that compute a result from the reader's inputs; question sets with marked answers go under Quizzes."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Interactive tools"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Forms of material presented in real time or tied to a scheduled gathering, whether streamed, hosted or held in person."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Live and event formats"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for material defined by being live or tied to a scheduled gathering; recorded video made for on-demand viewing goes under Video formats."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Live and event formats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Moving-image content broadcast over the internet as it happens, watched by the audience in real time."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Live streams"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for live moving-image broadcasts that are not seminar-style sessions; online seminars with slides and questions go under Webinars."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Live streams"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Regular emailed or serial publications that collect several short items for subscribers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Newsletters"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Newsletters"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Still images captured by a camera and used to illustrate or document a subject."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Photographs"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Photographs"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Single audio recordings released as one instalment of a serial programme, streamed or downloaded through podcast feeds and apps."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Podcast episodes"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers single instalments of a serial audio programme distributed through podcast feeds and apps. Standalone sound recordings that are not part of a series are Audio recordings."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Podcast episodes"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Sets of questions with marked answers that readers complete to test their knowledge or reach a result."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Quizzes"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for question sets with marked answers; tools that compute a result from inputs, such as calculators, go under Interactive tools."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Quizzes"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Downloadable documents that set out findings from research, analysis or a survey in structured sections."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reports"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for documents that set out findings from research, analysis or a survey; documents that argue a position or approach go under Whitepapers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Reports"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Brief moving-image items, usually under a few minutes, made to be watched in one sitting or shared."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Short-form videos"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers video items defined by their brevity, whatever their subject. A short interview is also Video interviews; tag both when both apply."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Short-form videos"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Static images made as designed artwork, such as diagrams or illustrated panels, rather than captured by camera."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Still graphics"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for designed static images, such as diagrams and illustrated panels, that are not data plots or infographics; those go under Charts and Infographics."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Still graphics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Forms of editorial material made mainly of written words and meant to be read."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Text formats"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for written material read on the page or in email; written documents supplied as files to save or print go under Downloadable formats."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Text formats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Forms of editorial material delivered as moving pictures, with or without sound."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Video formats"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for recorded moving-picture items; designed graphics, including animated graphics, go under Visual formats, and material defined by being live or tied to a gathering under Live and event formats."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Video formats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Recorded moving-image conversations in which an interviewer questions one or more guests."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Video interviews"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the video rendition of an interview, the format Disruptive Live publishes as one unit. The editorial treatment is the genre Interview in editorial-genres; tag both when the content supports it."@en-gb, "Defined by content, not length: a brief interview clip is also Short-form videos."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Video interviews"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Pre-recorded moving-image content with sound, published as a complete item for viewing on demand."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Video recordings"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for complete pre-recorded videos that are neither short-form clips nor interviews; those go under Short-form videos and Video interviews."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Video recordings"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Forms of editorial material conveyed mainly through still or moving images and graphics."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Visual formats"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for still images and designed graphics, including short animated graphics; recorded moving-picture items go under Video formats."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Visual formats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Online seminars delivered in real time to remote attendees, often with slides and a question session."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Webinars"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for online seminars delivered live to remote attendees, often with slides and questions; other live broadcasts go under Live streams."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Webinars"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "White papers"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "In-depth downloadable documents that argue a position or explain an approach to a business problem."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Whitepapers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for documents that argue a position or explain an approach to a business problem; documents that set out research or survey findings go under Reports."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Whitepapers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Promotional material written and supplied by a paying advertiser for placement in a publication, with no editorial input."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Advertiser-supplied content"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use where the advertiser writes the material and the publication only places it; material the publication produces for a paying organisation goes under Sponsored content."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Advertiser-supplied content"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Interpretation of data or events, drawn from the writer's research, that explains what they mean and what follows."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Analysis"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for interpretation of what data or events mean; pieces whose main purpose is to forecast how something will develop go under Predictions."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Analysis"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Case study"@en-gb, "Customer story"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Structured account of how one organisation used a technology or approach, covering the context, actions taken and results."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Case studies"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Case studies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Editorial treatment in which the writer states a view, judgement or forecast on a subject, supported by reasons."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Commentary"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Commentary"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Side-by-side assessments of two or more options against shared criteria, ending in trade-offs or a judgement."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Comparisons"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for pieces that set two or more options side by side against shared criteria. A piece about a single option belongs to another genre."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Comparisons"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Treatment built from a dialogue, in which questions and answers or a discussion among people carry the content."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Conversational writing"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Conversational writing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Live coverage"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Account of a conference, launch or other scheduled event, written during or after it takes place."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Event coverage"@en-gb; skos:relatedMatch , ; skos:scopeNote "Use for accounts of a conference, launch or other scheduled event, written during or after it; reports of other recent developments go under News stories."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Event coverage"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Pieces written ahead of a scheduled event that explain what will happen and why it matters."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Event previews"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Event previews"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Background pieces"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Pieces that set out the background and workings of a subject for readers new to it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Explainers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Explainers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Editorial treatment that sets out how something works, why it matters or how to do it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Explanatory writing"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Explanatory writing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Assessments of whether a claim or statement is true, measured against evidence, with a stated verdict."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fact checks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Fact checks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Pieces that examine a person, place or event at length, without depending on breaking developments."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Features"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for long-form pieces on people, places or events; pieces centred on one person's or organisation's work and background go under Profiles."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Features"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Step-by-step guides"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Sets of step-by-step instructions for completing a specific task."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "How-to guides"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "How-to guides"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Accounts of a dialogue between a writer and one named person, with the person's answers reported in their own words."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Interviews"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for interview pieces written up as narrative with quotations; pieces laid out as alternating questions and replies go under Question and answer."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Interviews"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Factual accounts of a recent event, development or statement, with the most important facts placed first."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "News stories"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for reports of recent developments, announcements and statements; accounts of a conference, launch or other scheduled event go under Event coverage."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "News stories"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Opinion columns"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Piece that states the author's own view on a subject and argues for it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Opinion"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Opinion"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Forward-looking views on how a trend, market or technology is likely to develop, with the reasons given."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Predictions"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for pieces whose main purpose is to forecast how something will develop; interpretation of what past data or events mean goes under Analysis."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Predictions"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Press release"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Announcement written by an organisation for news outlets, usually about a launch, result or appointment."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Press releases"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Press releases"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Accounts of a person's or organisation's work and background, built from research and interviews."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Profiles"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for pieces centred on one person's or organisation's work and background; long-form pieces on other subjects go under Features."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Profiles"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Treatment produced to win attention or custom for an organisation, service or offer, and not written as independent journalism."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Promotional content"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Promotional content"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Q and A"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Dialogue presented as a run of questions, each followed by the reply given by one person."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Question and answer"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for pieces laid out as alternating questions and replies from one person; interview pieces written up as narrative with quotations go under Interviews."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Question and answer"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Editorial treatment that gives a factual account of events, people, organisations, places or claims, built from gathered evidence rather than the writer's own view."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reporting"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Reporting"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Research report"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Account of an original study or survey, setting out its method, findings and data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Research reports"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Research reports"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Roundups"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Collections of recent items from several sources, summarised briefly and grouped under one theme or period."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Round-ups"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Round-ups"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Edited records of an exchange among several people on one theme, presented as their combined contributions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Roundtable discussions"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Roundtable discussions"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "In-depth examinations of one subject, built from extensive research and published as one piece or a series."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Special reports"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Special reports"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Content produced for an organisation that has paid for it, which may approve it before publication."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sponsored content"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use where the publication or its studio produces the material for a paying organisation; material written and supplied by the advertiser goes under Advertiser-supplied content."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Sponsored content"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that run fixed-term programmes of mentoring and funding for early-stage companies, often in return for equity."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Accelerators"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for fixed-term, cohort-based programmes of mentoring and funding; open-ended support with space goes under Incubators, and organisations whose main business is providing capital under Investors."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Accelerators"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that research technology markets and publish assessments of vendors, products and services for buyers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Analyst firms"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for firms whose main output is research and assessment of vendors and markets for buyers; organisations whose main output is news and commentary go under Media publishers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Analyst firms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that assess products, services or people against a standard and issue formal certificates or accreditations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Certification bodies"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Certification bodies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that sell or deliver a technology provider's offers to customers under a formal partner agreement."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Channel partners"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for organisations that sell or deliver a provider's offers under a partner agreement; partners that integrate with or build on the technology go under Technology partners, and operators of multi-seller catalogues under Marketplace operators."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Channel partners"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that supply computing, storage or platform resources over a network on demand, usually on a metered basis."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud service providers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for providers of on-demand computing, storage or platform resources; providers of hosted applications go under Software as a service providers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud service providers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that supply network access, voice or data transport services to other organisations for a recurring charge."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Connectivity providers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Connectivity providers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that advise other organisations on strategy, technology choices or change programmes, usually for a fee."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Consultancies"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Consultancies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that buy technology products in volume from suppliers and supply them to resellers and other channel buyers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distributors"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the wholesale tier that buys from vendors in volume and supplies resellers and other channel buyers. Many distributors also hold a vendor partner agreement and are then Channel partners too."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Distributors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Organisations that extend, sell, list or build on the offers of technology providers without being their main supplier."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ecosystem roles"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers organisations that sell on, distribute, list or build on a provider's products. Organisations whose offer is their own skilled work, support or managed operations are Service providers."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Ecosystem roles"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Customer organisations"@en-gb; skos:definition "Organisations that buy and use technology to run their own operations rather than to resell or deliver it to others."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "End-user organisations"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "End-user organisations"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Organisations that set rules, standards, accreditation or collective representation for a technology market or sector."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Governance roles"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Governance roles"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that design or manufacture physical computing, networking or storage equipment for sale to other organisations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware vendors"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hardware vendors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that offer early-stage companies space, support and mentoring over an open-ended period."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Incubators"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for open-ended programmes that give early-stage companies space, support and mentoring; fixed-term cohort programmes go under Accelerators."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Incubators"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Trade associations"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Membership organisations that represent businesses in a sector and promote their shared interests."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Industry associations"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for membership bodies that represent and promote a sector's businesses; bodies whose main work is developing and publishing standards go under Standards bodies."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Industry associations"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that provide capital to other organisations in return for equity, debt or another financial interest."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Investors"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for organisations whose main business is providing capital; programmes that combine mentoring with funding go under Accelerators."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Investors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "MSSPs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that run security monitoring, detection and response for customers on an ongoing contract."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Managed security service providers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Managed security service providers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "MSPs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that run defined technology services for customers on an ongoing contract, with monitoring, maintenance and support."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Managed service providers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for providers that operate defined services under an ongoing contract; providers that source and combine products and services into one package go under Technology solution providers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Managed service providers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Organisations that fund, research, accelerate or publish commentary on technology companies and markets."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Market and finance roles"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Market and finance roles"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that run an online catalogue where buyers find and purchase products from several third-party sellers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Marketplace operators"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for operators of an online catalogue where buyers purchase from several third-party sellers; organisations that sell a provider's offers under a partner agreement go under Channel partners."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Marketplace operators"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that publish news, analysis and opinion about technology markets to a defined readership."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Media publishers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for organisations whose main output is news, analysis and opinion for a readership; firms whose main output is vendor and market assessments for buyers go under Analyst firms."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Media publishers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Government and publicly funded organisations that buy and run technology to deliver public services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Public sector bodies"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Public sector bodies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Public bodies with legal authority to set, supervise and enforce rules for a market or sector."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Regulators"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Regulators"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that buy technology products from suppliers and sell them on to customers, usually at a margin."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Resellers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers organisations that buy products and sell them on to customers. A reseller working under a vendor's formal partner agreement is also a Channel partner; the wholesale supplier to resellers is Distributors."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Resellers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Organisations that deliver skilled work, support or managed operations to other organisations under a contract."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Service providers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers organisations whose offer is their own skilled work, support or managed operations under contract, such as consultancies, systems integrators and managed service providers. Organisations that sell on, distribute or build on a provider's products are Ecosystem roles."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Service providers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SaaS providers"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that host software and make it available to customers over the internet as a subscription."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software as a service providers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for providers that host applications and sell access by subscription; providers of raw computing, storage or platform resources go under Cloud service providers, and those that license software for customers to run under Software vendors."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software as a service providers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that develop software and license or sell it to other organisations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software vendors"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for organisations that license or sell software for customers to run; providers that host the software and sell access by subscription go under Software as a service providers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software vendors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that develop, maintain and publish technical or quality standards that others use in a market."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Standards bodies"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for bodies whose main work is developing and publishing standards; membership bodies that represent a sector's businesses go under Industry associations."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Standards bodies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that design and build working solutions by connecting several technologies, often from different suppliers, into one system."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Systems integrators"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for firms that design and build one working system from several technologies; firms that source and manage a whole package of products and services go under Technology solution providers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Systems integrators"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that integrate with, build on or co-market another organisation's technology under a partnership agreement."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Technology partners"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for organisations that integrate with, build on or co-market another's technology; organisations that sell or deliver its offers go under Channel partners."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Technology partners"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Organisations that create technology and make it available for other organisations to buy, license or subscribe to."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Technology providers"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Technology providers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that source, combine and manage hardware, software, cloud and services as one accountable package for a customer."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Technology solution providers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for providers that source, combine and manage hardware, software, cloud and services as one accountable package; firms that build one integrated system go under Systems integrators, and those that operate defined services under contract under Managed service providers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Technology solution providers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "VARs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that resell technology products and add their own installation, integration, training or support on top."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Value-added resellers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Value-added resellers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Investors that fund young, high-growth companies in exchange for equity, usually through a managed fund."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Venture capital firms"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Venture capital firms"@en-gb. dct:created "2026-10-11"^^xsd:date; dct:license ; dct:publisher , ; a skos:ConceptScheme, schema:DefinedTermSet; skos:definition "Forms in which Compare the Cloud publishes or presents editorial material."@en-gb; skos:prefLabel "Content formats"@en-gb; schema:name "Content formats"@en-gb. dct:created "2026-10-11"^^xsd:date; dct:license ; dct:publisher , ; a skos:ConceptScheme, schema:DefinedTermSet; skos:definition "Editorial treatments that distinguish the purpose or style of a publication."@en-gb; skos:prefLabel "Editorial genres"@en-gb; schema:name "Editorial genres"@en-gb. dct:created "2026-10-11"^^xsd:date; dct:license ; dct:publisher , ; a skos:ConceptScheme, schema:DefinedTermSet; skos:definition "Roles an organisation may hold in a technology directory or service relationship."@en-gb; skos:prefLabel "Organisation roles"@en-gb; schema:name "Organisation roles"@en-gb. dct:created "2026-10-11"^^xsd:date; dct:license ; dct:publisher , ; a skos:ConceptScheme, schema:DefinedTermSet; skos:definition "Industries and public-service contexts."@en-gb; skos:prefLabel "Sectors"@en-gb; schema:name "Sectors"@en-gb. dct:created "2026-10-11"^^xsd:date; dct:license ; dct:publisher , ; a skos:ConceptScheme, schema:DefinedTermSet; skos:definition "Technology approaches and capabilities covered by Compare the Cloud."@en-gb; skos:prefLabel "Technologies and capabilities"@en-gb; schema:name "Technologies and capabilities"@en-gb. dct:created "2026-10-11"^^xsd:date; dct:license ; dct:publisher , ; a skos:ConceptScheme, schema:DefinedTermSet; skos:definition "Subjects used to describe the technology and business questions covered by Compare the Cloud."@en-gb; skos:prefLabel "Topics"@en-gb; schema:name "Topics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that prepare, check and report on financial records, tax and compliance for organisations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Accountancy and audit"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Accountancy and audit"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that plan and buy promotional campaigns, media and brand communications for clients."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Advertising and marketing agencies"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Advertising and marketing agencies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Farming"@en-gb; skos:definition "The industry that grows crops, rears livestock and harvests timber and fish to produce food and raw materials."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agriculture"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Agriculture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Airlines, airports and cargo operators that carry passengers and freight by aircraft."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Air transport"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Air transport"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that design buildings and infrastructure and provide technical planning, surveying and testing."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Architecture and engineering services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Architecture and engineering services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that make cars, commercial vehicles and their components on production lines."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Automotive manufacturing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Automotive manufacturing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that take deposits, lend money and provide current accounts and savings products to individuals and businesses."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Banking"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for deposit-taking and lending firms, including digital-only banks; firms whose identity is software-led financial services go under Financial technology."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Banking"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Operators that provide cable, fibre and copper connections to homes and sites for internet and telephony."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Broadband and fixed-line operators"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Broadband and fixed-line operators"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that produce and transmit scheduled radio and television programmes to audiences."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Broadcasting"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for organisations that schedule and transmit radio and television programmes; companies that make programmes, films and video for others go under Film and video production."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Broadcasting"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Contractors that build, extend and refurbish residential and commercial buildings."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Building construction"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Building construction"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Ministries, departments and agencies that run national policy and services for the whole of a country."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Central government"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Central government"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Charitable organisations"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Registered organisations that pursue public benefit aims and reinvest their income in those aims."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Charities"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Charities"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Contractors that build roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, sewers and other infrastructure."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Civil engineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Civil engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Real estate firms that let, sell and manage offices, shops, warehouses and industrial buildings for business use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Commercial property"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Commercial property"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The industry that builds, alters and repairs buildings, roads, bridges and other structures."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Construction"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Construction"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Growers that cultivate cereals, vegetables, fruit and other plants for harvest and sale."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Crop farming"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Crop farming"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that store, host and process client data on servers, networks and cloud platforms."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data hosting and processing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data hosting and processing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The industry that supplies military equipment, systems and support services to armed forces and national security bodies."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Defence"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Defence"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Online retail"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Retailers that sell goods or services to consumers over the internet and deliver them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "E-commerce industry"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for retailers that sell mainly online; grocers selling food and household staples, in store or for delivery, go under Grocery retail."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "E-commerce industry"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:definition "The industry that provides teaching and learning through schools, colleges, universities and other learning services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Education"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for teaching and learning providers whoever owns them; government administration goes under Public sector, and organisations tagged for their not-for-profit status under Non-profit organisations."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Education"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that sell electricity and gas to households and businesses and run the networks that carry them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Electricity and gas supply"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Electricity and gas supply"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that make electronic circuits, devices and assemblies for other manufacturers and brands."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Electronics manufacturing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Electronics manufacturing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The industry that extracts, generates and supplies power from fuels and renewable sources to homes and businesses."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Energy"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Energy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Companies that make films, television programmes, adverts and online video content for clients and audiences."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Film and video production"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for companies that make films, programmes, adverts and online video; organisations that schedule and transmit programmes go under Broadcasting."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Film and video production"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "The industry that manages money for others through banking, insurance, investment, lending and payments."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Financial services"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Financial services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that use software and data to deliver, automate or disrupt financial products and services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Financial technology"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for firms whose identity is software-led financial services; licensed banks and payment processors go under Banking and Payment services, and the subject of technology in finance under Fintech in Topics."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Financial technology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that process raw agricultural materials into packaged food and beverages for sale."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Food and drink manufacturing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Food and drink manufacturing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Businesses that prepare and serve meals and drinks in restaurants, canteens, events and contract settings."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Food service and catering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Food service and catering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Operations that grow and harvest timber and catch or farm fish and shellfish."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Forestry and fishing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Forestry and fishing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Colleges and providers that teach post-16 vocational, technical and academic courses outside universities."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Further education"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for colleges and providers teaching post-16 courses outside universities; employer-focused trainers and apprenticeship providers go under Training providers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Further education"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Shops and chains that sell food and household staples to consumers, in stores or for delivery."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Grocery retail"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for sellers of food and household staples, in store or for delivery; retailers selling mainly other goods online go under E-commerce industry."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Grocery retail"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Services that diagnose, treat and prevent illness and injury in hospitals, clinics and primary care settings."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Health services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Health services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:definition "The industry and services concerned with maintaining or improving human health."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Healthcare"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for providers of care and treatment whoever owns them; makers of medicines and medical technology go under Life sciences, government administration under Public sector, and organisations tagged for their not-for-profit status under Non-profit organisations."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Healthcare"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Universities and colleges that award degrees and conduct research at undergraduate and postgraduate level."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Higher education"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Higher education"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The industry that provides overnight accommodation, food and drink to guests and customers away from home."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hospitality"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hospitality"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Establishments that offer rooms, serviced apartments and other lodging for short stays."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hotels and accommodation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hotels and accommodation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that advise organisations on technology strategy, selection, implementation and support."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Information technology consultancy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Information technology consultancy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IT services"@en-gb; skos:definition "The industry that designs, builds, runs and supports software, computing systems and data services for other organisations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Information technology services"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for firms that build, run, host or advise on software and computing systems; non-technical professional advice goes under Professional services."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Information technology services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that accept premiums in return for covering losses, liabilities and risks that policyholders transfer to them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Insurance"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Insurance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Courts, tribunals and prosecution services that determine legal disputes and enforce the law."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Justice and courts"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Justice and courts"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Professional services that interpret, apply or advise on law and legal obligations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Legal services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Legal services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The industry that researches, develops and produces medicines, diagnostics and medical technologies from biological and chemical science."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Life sciences"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for firms that research, develop and produce medicines, diagnostics and medical technology; providers of care go under Healthcare, and other goods production under Manufacturing."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Life sciences"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Farms that rear cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry and other animals for meat, dairy, eggs or wool."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Livestock farming"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Livestock farming"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Councils"@en-gb; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Councils and other authorities that deliver public services for a defined area below national level."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Local government"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Local government"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that advise organisations on strategy, operations, change and performance improvement."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Management consultancy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Management consultancy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The industry that transforms materials or components into goods through industrial processes."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Manufacturing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for industrial production of goods; makers of medicines and medical technology go under Life sciences."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Manufacturing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:definition "The industry that produces and distributes news, entertainment and information through print, broadcast and digital channels."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Media"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Media"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that make and supply instruments, implants and equipment used to diagnose or treat patients."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Medical devices"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Medical devices"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Operators that run wireless networks and sell mobile voice, text and data services to subscribers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile network operators"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile network operators"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Publishers that produce periodical news, features and opinion in print and online editions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Newspaper and magazine publishing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Newspaper and magazine publishing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Not-for-profit organisations"@en-gb; skos:definition "Organisations that reinvest any surplus in their charitable or social purpose rather than paying it to owners."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Non-profit organisations"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for organisations tagged for their not-for-profit status, such as charities; schools and care providers are also tagged with Education or Healthcare."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Non-profit organisations"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that move money between payers and payees through card, bank transfer and digital wallet processing."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Payment services"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for firms that process payments between payers and payees; firms whose identity is software-led financial services go under Financial technology."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Payment services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Pharma"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that research, develop and manufacture medicines and vaccines for human or animal use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Pharmaceuticals"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Pharmaceuticals"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Police forces, fire and rescue services and ambulance services that respond to crime and emergencies."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Policing and emergency services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Policing and emergency services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The industry that sells specialist knowledge, such as accounting, consultancy, engineering and legal advice, to other organisations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Professional services"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for firms selling specialist non-technical knowledge, such as legal, accounting and management advice; technology consultancy goes under Information technology services."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Professional services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Government bodies and organisations that deliver public services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Public sector"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for government administration and public bodies such as police and courts; publicly run schools and health services go under Education and Healthcare."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Public sector"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Operators that carry passengers and freight on railway networks and run the infrastructure they use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Rail transport"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Rail transport"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The industry that buys, sells, lets and manages land and buildings as property."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Real estate"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Real estate"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that generate power from wind, solar, hydro and other sources that replenish naturally."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Renewable energy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Renewable energy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Real estate firms that let, sell and manage homes and other buildings that people live in."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Residential property"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Residential property"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "The industry that sells goods or services directly to consumers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Retail"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Retail"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that move goods by lorry and van and deliver parcels and documents to addresses."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Road freight and couriers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for firms that carry goods by lorry or van and deliver parcels; firms that store stock and coordinate supply chains go under Warehousing and logistics."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Road freight and couriers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Operators that launch, run or lease satellites to carry voice, data and broadcast signals."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Satellite communications industry"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Satellite communications industry"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Institutions that teach children and young people from early years to the end of secondary education."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Schools"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Schools"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Services that support people with daily living needs at home or in residential and community settings."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Social care"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Social care"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that design, write and test software products or custom applications for clients."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software industry"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software industry"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Telecoms"@en-gb; skos:definition "The industry that carries voice, data and broadcast signals across networks for businesses and households."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Telecommunications industry"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Telecommunications industry"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisations that deliver job-related courses, apprenticeships and qualifications to adults and employers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training providers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Use for organisations delivering job-related courses and apprenticeships to adults and employers; post-16 colleges go under Further education."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Training providers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The industry that moves people and goods by road, rail, air and sea and stores freight along the supply chain."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Transport and logistics"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Transport and logistics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Gaming industry"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Media industry that develops, publishes and operates interactive games played on consoles, computers, mobile devices and cloud services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Video games industry"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Video games industry"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that store stock and coordinate the movement of goods through supply chains on behalf of others."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Warehousing and logistics"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers firms that store stock and coordinate supply chains on behalf of others. Firms whose business is carrying goods by lorry or van and delivering parcels are Road freight and couriers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Warehousing and logistics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that collect, transport, treat and recover waste materials for disposal or reuse."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Waste management and recycling"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Waste management and recycling"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The industry that supplies drinking water, treats sewage and collects, processes or disposes of waste."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Water and waste management"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Water and waste management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Companies that abstract, treat and distribute drinking water and collect wastewater from customers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Water supply"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Water supply"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Firms that invest, plan and manage assets for private clients and families."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Wealth management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Wealth management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Layers that hide the detail of lower-level components behind a simpler interface for the code above."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Abstraction layers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Abstraction layers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer access control"@en-gb, "Logical access control"@en-gb, "User access control"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Mechanisms that grant or deny requests to use resources according to policy."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Access control"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the mechanisms and models that enforce permit or deny decisions when a resource is requested. For deciding what an identity is entitled to do, use Authorisation."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Access control"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ACL"@en-gb, "Access control list"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Lists attached to a resource that state which users or groups may perform which operations on it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Access control lists"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Access control lists"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Last mile"@en-gb, "Last-mile connectivity"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The part of a network that connects end users and their devices to the provider's core."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Access networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the whole segment between end users and the provider's core, including aggregation."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Access networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Digital accessibility"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Designing products and services so that people with disabilities can perceive, operate and understand them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Accessibility"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers accessibility as a design concern in human-computer interaction, for any product or service."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Accessibility"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Information systems that record, process and report an organisation's financial transactions for bookkeeping, control and statutory reporting."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Accounting information systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Accounting information systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The identification of what people or objects are doing in video, such as walking or waving."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Action recognition"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Action recognition"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning in which the model chooses which unlabelled examples a human should label next, to learn from fewer labels."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Active learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Active learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Temporary wireless networks formed directly between devices, without fixed infrastructure or an access point."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ad hoc networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers networks formed on the fly between devices with no fixed infrastructure or access point. For networks in which nodes relay traffic for one another as a standing topology, use Wireless mesh networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Ad hoc networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Dynamic routing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Routing algorithms that change the paths they choose as traffic load or failures change."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Adaptive routing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Adaptive routing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "APT"@en-gb, "Advanced persistent threat"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Well-resourced groups that keep covert access to a target network over a long period to achieve a specific goal."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Advanced persistent threats"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Advanced persistent threats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Adversarial attacks"@en-gb, "Adversarial examples"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Techniques that fool, corrupt or extract information from machine learning models, and the defences against them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Adversarial machine learning"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the field as a whole: attacks that fool, corrupt or extract information from machine learning models, including crafted adversarial inputs, and the defences against them. Corrupting the data a model learns from is Data poisoning; input that makes a language model follow an attacker's instructions is Prompt injection."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Adversarial machine learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Training a model on deliberately perturbed inputs so that it becomes more robust against adversarial attacks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Adversarial training"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Adversarial training"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Agile software development"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An iterative approach that delivers working software in short cycles and adapts to changing requirements through frequent feedback."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agile development"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers agile methods and their short cycles, working software and frequent feedback. For iterative or incremental development as general approaches outside agile methods, use Iterative development or Incremental development."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Agile development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing practised continuously within agile teams, alongside development rather than as a later phase."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Agile testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Agile testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Agentic AI"@en-gb, "Autonomous agents"@en-gb, "Intelligent agents"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software entities that perceive their environment, make decisions and take actions towards goals with some degree of independence from human direction."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI agents"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers single AI agents that perceive, decide and act towards goals with some independence. Systems of several agents interacting, cooperating or competing are Multi-agent systems."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI agents"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Measures that limit what an AI system is able to do, so that it cannot cause harm even if its goals are flawed."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI capability control"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI capability control"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Text, images, audio, video or code produced by an AI system rather than directly created by a person."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI-generated content"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI-generated content"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The stages through which an AI system passes, from design and data collection through training, deployment and monitoring to retirement."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI lifecycle"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI lifecycle"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The trained mathematical artefacts that an AI system uses to turn inputs into predictions, classifications or generated content."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI models"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the trained artefacts themselves. The deployed system that wraps a model with software and infrastructure is an AI system."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI models"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The potential for harm arising from the design, training, deployment or misuse of artificial intelligence systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI risk"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the potential for harm from artificial intelligence, as a risk, and its named kinds such as bias and hallucination. The field that works to prevent such harm is AI safety; false content that AI can generate or amplify at scale is Disinformation and misinformation."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI risk"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The field concerned with preventing AI systems from causing unintended harm, through reliability, robustness and alignment with human intentions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI safety"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers preventing unintended harm from AI systems through reliability, robustness and alignment. For ethical principles such as fairness and accountability, use Responsible AI; for protection against deliberate attack, use AI security."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI safety"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Artificial intelligence security"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Protecting machine learning systems and their data from attack, misuse and manipulation."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI security"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the security of AI systems, their models and their data against attack and misuse. Security tools that use AI to detect or respond to threats belong under the relevant security concept, not here."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Deployed combinations of models, software and infrastructure that apply artificial intelligence to a stated purpose, producing predictions, content, recommendations or decisions for their users."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI systems"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the engineered system as built and operated. Artificial intelligence as a field is the parent concept, and the trained artefacts inside a system are AI models."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Embedding a hidden signal in AI-generated content so that its machine origin can later be detected."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI watermarking"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI watermarking"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Harmful bias"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systematic and unfair skew in the outputs of an AI system, usually arising from unrepresentative data or design choices."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Algorithmic bias"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers unfair skew in what an AI system outputs or decides, whatever its cause. Skew in the dataset itself is Data bias; the resulting unfair treatment of people and exposure to hateful content is Discrimination and toxicity."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Algorithmic bias"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Openness about how an algorithmic system works, what data it uses and how it reaches decisions, so that others can scrutinise it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Algorithmic transparency"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Algorithmic transparency"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Finite, step-by-step procedures for solving a class of problems, judged by their correctness and by the time and memory they need."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Algorithms"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Algorithms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Connected devices that harvest energy from their surroundings, such as radio waves or light, so they need no battery or charging."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ambient IoT"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Ambient IoT"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data anonymisation"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Irreversibly removing or altering identifying details so that data can no longer be linked to a person."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Anonymisation"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers making data anonymous by any technique. For the specific privacy model that measures anonymity by the size of indistinguishable groups, use k-anonymity."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Anonymisation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Internet anonymity"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A state in which a person's actions cannot be tied to their identity."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Anonymity"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Anonymity"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Components that send or receive radio waves for wireless links."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Antennas"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Antennas"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Delivery of traffic to whichever of several machines sharing one address is nearest."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Anycast"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Anycast"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A design approach in which the API contract is agreed before the software that implements it is built."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "API-first design"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "API-first design"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The publishing, securing, monitoring and governing of APIs across their life cycle."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "API management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "API management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing APIs directly by sending requests and checking the responses, without going through a user interface."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "API testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "API testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Application programming interfaces"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Defined interfaces through which one piece of software can request services or data from another."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "APIs"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "APIs"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "App development"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Designing, building and releasing application software for users or a business purpose."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Application development"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Application development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "AppSec"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Practices and tools that find and prevent weaknesses in software across its design, coding, testing and running."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Application security"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Application security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ASICs"@en-gb, "Application specific integrated circuits"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Chips designed and manufactured for one particular function or product rather than for general-purpose use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Application-specific integrated circuits"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers chips built for one function or product, whatever that function is. Chips classed by their job of taking work off a general-purpose processor are Hardware accelerators; many accelerators are ASICs, so tag both when both apply."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Application-specific integrated circuits"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Reusable, named solutions to recurring structural problems in system design, such as layering or event-driven designs."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Architectural patterns"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Architectural patterns"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "AGI"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A hypothetical form of artificial intelligence able to learn and perform any intellectual task a human can, rather than a narrow set of tasks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Artificial general intelligence"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Artificial general intelligence"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Artificial intelligence governance"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The policies, roles, controls and oversight through which an organisation or state directs the development and use of artificial intelligence."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "AI governance"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "AI governance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Neural network models"@en-gb, "Neural networks"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computing models made of layered, interconnected nodes, loosely inspired by the brain, that learn by adjusting the strength of their connections."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Artificial neural networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers neural network models of any depth and how they are built. For machine learning that relies on neural networks with many layers, use Deep learning."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Artificial neural networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Programming that separates cross-cutting concerns, such as logging or security, from the main business logic."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Aspect-oriented programming"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Aspect-oriented programming"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Assistive devices"@en-gb, "Assistive technologies"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Devices and software that help people with impairments carry out tasks they would otherwise find difficult or impossible."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Assistive technology"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Assistive technology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ABAC"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Access control that decides each request from attributes of the user, the resource and the context."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Attribute-based access control"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Attribute-based access control"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "AR"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Technology that overlays computer-generated images, sound or data onto a live view of the real world."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Augmented reality"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Augmented reality"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Verifying that a user, device or service is who or what it claims to be."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Authentication"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Authentication"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Broken authentication"@en-gb, "Identification and authentication failures"@en-gb, "Improper authentication"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Weaknesses in confirming identity or managing sessions that let attackers impersonate legitimate users."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Authentication failures"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Authentication failures"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Deciding what an authenticated user, device or service is permitted to do."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Authorisation"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers deciding and granting what an authenticated identity is entitled to do. For the mechanisms and models that enforce those decisions on resources, use Access control."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Authorisation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Decisions about people made by software with little or no human involvement, often subject to legal safeguards."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Automated decision-making"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Automated decision-making"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "AutoML"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The automation of the steps of building a machine learning model, such as feature selection, algorithm choice and tuning."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Automated machine learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Automated machine learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Production in which machines, controls and software perform most manufacturing operations with little direct human intervention."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Automated manufacturing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers production in which machines, controls and software do most of the manufacturing work. The controllers that run machinery and plant, in factories and elsewhere, are Programmable logic controllers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Automated manufacturing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Techniques by which software works out a sequence of actions, and their timing, that will achieve a stated goal under given constraints."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Automated planning and scheduling"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Automated planning and scheduling"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Techniques by which software derives conclusions from stated facts and rules using logic, without step-by-step human guidance."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Automated reasoning"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the techniques by which software derives conclusions by logic. The component that applies rules to a knowledge store inside a knowledge-based system is Inference engines."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Automated reasoning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ATMs"@en-gb, "Cash machines"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Self-service terminals that let bank customers withdraw cash, check balances and carry out simple transactions without a cashier."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Automated teller machines"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Automated teller machines"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ability of a machine to determine its position and travel to a goal on its own while avoiding obstacles."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Autonomous navigation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Autonomous navigation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "AUVs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Self-propelled uncrewed submersibles that navigate and carry out survey or inspection tasks beneath the surface without a remote operator."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Autonomous underwater vehicles"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Autonomous underwater vehicles"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Auto-scaling"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Automatically adding or removing computing capacity according to measured load or schedule rules."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Autoscaling"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the automated mechanism that adds or removes computing capacity. For the property of a system whose resources grow and shrink with demand, use Elasticity."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Autoscaling"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Availability zone"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Physically separate locations within one cloud region, each with independent power and networking, used to keep services running through a local failure."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Availability zones"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Availability zones"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Digital representations of people or agents within virtual environments, through which users appear and act."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Avatars"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the digital representations through which people appear and act in virtual environments. The persistent shared spaces they appear in are Metaverse; fully synthetic headset environments are Virtual reality."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Avatars"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Backdoor"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Hidden means of bypassing normal authentication to gain access to a system."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Backdoors"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers backdoors installed by attackers or malicious software. Access paths designed into a product, deliberately or by mistake, belong under Vulnerabilities."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Backdoors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Methods for preserving copies of data and restoring systems or information after loss or disruption."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Backup and recovery"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers copying data and restoring it after loss, at any scale. For the planned restoration of whole IT services after a major outage, use Disaster recovery."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Backup and recovery"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "BaaS"@en-gb, "Cloud storage backup"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "A cloud service that copies customer data to remote storage on a schedule and keeps it available for restoration."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Backup as a service"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers cloud services that keep restorable copies of customer data. For services that replicate whole systems so they can run elsewhere after an outage, use Recovery as a service."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Backup as a service"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The maximum rate at which a link can carry data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bandwidth"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the data-carrying capacity of a network link. Allocating and limiting that capacity by user, application or traffic type is Bandwidth management; the performance level traffic receives is Quality of service. The radio sense, the width of a frequency band, is out of scope."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Bandwidth"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Traffic shaping"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Controlling how much network capacity each user, application or traffic type may take."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bandwidth management"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers allocating and limiting network capacity by user, application or traffic type. For the measured level of service traffic receives and the mechanisms that guarantee it, use Quality of service."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Bandwidth management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Analytical techniques applied to datasets too large, fast or varied for conventional tools to process."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Big data analytics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Big data analytics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Biometric authentication"@en-gb, "Biometric"@en-gb; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Verification of a claimed identity from physical or behavioural traits such as fingerprints, faces or voice."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Biometrics"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the use of bodily or behavioural traits to confirm that a person is who they claim to be, the biometric authentication sense. Recognising people for identification or surveillance, such as matching faces in public spaces, is Facial recognition and its siblings under Computer vision."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Biometrics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing a system's behaviour from its inputs and outputs alone, without reference to its internal code."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Black-box testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Black-box testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Block storage"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Storage that keeps data as fixed-size blocks addressed individually, allowing fast and flexible access by operating systems and databases."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Block-level storage"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Block-level storage"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A distributed ledger that stores records in cryptographically chained blocks, making past entries tamper-evident and verifiable by every participant."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Blockchain"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Blockchain"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Examination of public ledger data to trace flows of funds, link addresses to entities and detect illicit or unusual activity."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Blockchain analysis"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Blockchain analysis"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Distributed ledger consensus protocols"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Rules by which independent network participants agree on which transactions are valid and the order in which they are recorded."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Blockchain consensus mechanisms"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Blockchain consensus mechanisms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The process of competing to validate and append new blocks to a proof-of-work blockchain, rewarded with newly issued tokens and fees."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Blockchain mining"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Blockchain mining"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Smart contract platforms"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software environments that provide the network, consensus and tooling needed to build and run blockchain-based applications and smart contracts."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Blockchain platforms"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the software environments developers build blockchain applications on, such as smart contract platforms. For base-layer chains as networks, use Layer 1 blockchains; for the libraries used to write the applications, use Decentralised application frameworks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Blockchain platforms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Short-range wireless networking, defined by an industry standard, for connecting nearby devices such as headsets, keyboards and sensors."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bluetooth"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Bluetooth"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "BANs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Personal area networks of devices worn on or implanted in the body, typically for health monitoring."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Body area networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Body area networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Ensemble methods that train models in sequence, each concentrating on the mistakes of its predecessors."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Boosting"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Boosting"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Border Gateway Protocol"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The routing protocol that exchanges reachability information between the autonomous networks that make up the internet."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "BGP"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the protocol itself, its operation and its security. Routing between separately administered networks as a practice is Inter-domain routing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "BGP"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Botnet"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks of compromised devices controlled remotely and used together to carry out attacks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Botnets"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers networks of compromised devices under remote control, as a threat. The malicious software that recruits and steers those devices is Malware."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Botnets"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "BCI"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systems that read neural activity and translate it into commands for a computer or device, or stimulate the brain in return."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Brain-computer interfaces"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Brain-computer interfaces"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "BYOAI"@en-gb, "Shadow AI"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Staff using personal or unapproved AI tools for work tasks, outside systems their employer has provided or sanctioned."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bring your own AI"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Bring your own AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Broadband"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks that offer high-capacity, always-on data connections to homes and businesses."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Broadband networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Broadband networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Improper access control"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Failure to enforce limits on what authenticated users may do, letting them reach data or functions beyond their rights."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Broken access control"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Broken access control"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Running web content in a separate environment from the user's device so that malicious code cannot reach it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Browser isolation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Browser isolation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Protection of web browsers and the people who use them from malicious content and exploitation."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Browser security"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Browser security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Buffer overflow"@en-gb, "Memory buffer errors"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Reading or writing beyond the boundaries of a memory buffer, corrupting data or enabling code execution."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Buffer overflows"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Buffer overflows"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Excess delay caused by oversized queues that hold packets in network equipment."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Bufferbloat"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers excess delay caused by oversized packet buffers in routers, modems and other network equipment. Variation in packet delay is Jitter; the performance level traffic receives and the mechanisms that guarantee it are Quality of service."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Bufferbloat"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Corporate information systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Information systems that capture, process and report the data an organisation needs to carry out and manage its everyday business functions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Business information systems"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers information systems seen by the business function they serve, such as accounting, inventory or management reporting. For software products built for use across a whole organisation, use Enterprise software."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Business information systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Methods and tools that turn organisational data into information for business decisions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Business intelligence"@en-gb; skos:relatedMatch ; skos:scopeNote "Covers reporting, dashboards and querying that turn organisational data into information for business decisions. For statistical and computational analysis of data in general, use Data analytics."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Business intelligence"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "BPR"@en-gb, "Business process re-engineering"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The fundamental redesign of an organisation's business processes, often using technology, to achieve large gains in cost, speed or quality."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Business process reengineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Business process reengineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The technologies, systems and practices organisations use to run their operations, sell to customers, market their services and manage their money."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Business technology"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the systems and practices an organisation uses to run itself: operations, selling, marketing and money. The commerce and management of the technology industry, including the IT channel, is Business in Topics."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Business technology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cache memories"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A small, fast memory placed close to a processor that keeps recently or frequently used data to cut access time."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cache memory"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cache memory"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Inserting false entries into a cache so that later users receive attacker-chosen content."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cache poisoning"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers false entries planted in any cache, including DNS, web and ARP caches. For redirection of domain name lookups by any means, use DNS hijacking."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cache poisoning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Canary releases"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Releasing a change to a small share of users first and widening it only if monitoring shows no problems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Canary release"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Canary release"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Process quality frameworks that grade an organisation's practices on a scale of increasing maturity, from ad hoc to optimised."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Capability maturity models"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Capability maturity models"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Forecasting demand and planning the computing resources needed so that services keep meeting their performance targets at reasonable cost."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Capacity management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Capacity management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Estimating the greenhouse gas emissions caused by an activity, product or system, including those from its electricity use and manufacture."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Carbon footprint calculation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Carbon footprint calculation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Artificial intelligence that models cause and effect relationships, rather than only correlations, to explain outcomes and predict the effect of interventions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Causal AI"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Causal AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Mobile networks"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Wireless networks divided into cells, each served by a fixed transceiver, so that mobile devices can stay connected as they move."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cellular networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cellular networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "CPUs"@en-gb, "Central processors"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The main processor of a computer, which fetches and executes program instructions and coordinates the other components."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Central processing units"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Central processing units"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Dialogue systems that conduct a typed or spoken conversation with users, typically to answer questions or complete simple tasks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Chatbots"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers dialogue systems for simple question-and-answer or task conversations, typed or spoken. For systems built around speech recognition and speech synthesis, use Spoken dialogue systems."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Chatbots"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Client-server computer systems"@en-gb, "Client-server model"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A structure in which client programs request services or data from a central server that provides them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Client-server architecture"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the general split between clients that request and servers that provide. For the specific pattern that separates presentation, logic and data into three tiers, use Three-tier architecture."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Client-server architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "CASB"@en-gb, "Cloud access security broker"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Policy enforcement points between users and cloud services that apply visibility, access, data and threat controls to that traffic."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud access security brokers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud access security brokers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The structure and arrangement of the components, services and connections that make up a cloud-based system."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud architecture"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Reducing cloud spend without harming performance, by right-sizing resources, removing waste and choosing suitable pricing options."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud cost optimisation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud cost optimisation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Cloud services that run customers' websites and applications on pooled resources instead of a single dedicated server."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud hosting"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers hosting of websites and applications offered as a service. For the service model that rents out raw virtual servers, storage and networking, use Infrastructure as a service."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud hosting"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The administration of cloud resources, covering provisioning, monitoring, cost, performance and governance across one or more environments."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cloud migration service"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Professional and tooling services that plan and carry out the move of workloads and data into the cloud."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud migration services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud migration services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Tracking the health, performance and usage of cloud resources and producing reports on them for operators and managers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud monitoring and reporting"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud monitoring and reporting"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cloud-native"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An approach to building and running applications as loosely coupled, automatically managed services designed to exploit the elasticity of cloud platforms."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud native computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud native computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ease with which applications and data can be moved between different cloud environments without major rework."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud portability"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud portability"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cloud computing security"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Controls, practices and shared-responsibility arrangements that protect cloud-hosted workloads, data and identities from unauthorised access and misuse."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud security"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cloud service"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computing resources and capabilities delivered over a network on demand and usually paid for according to use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Storing data on remote servers run by a provider and reached over a network, usually billed by the amount held."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud storage"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud storage"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An organisation's plan for which workloads move to the cloud, on which providers and service models, and how cost, risk and skills are managed."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud strategy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud strategy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing software using on-demand cloud resources, or testing how software behaves in cloud environments."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Distributed computing that runs a workload across a group of closely linked machines managed together as a single resource."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cluster computing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the approach of running one workload across a cluster of machines. For the groups of machines themselves as infrastructure, use Computer clusters."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cluster computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A measure of how much of a program's code is run when its tests execute."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Code coverage"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Code coverage"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Injection in which attacker-supplied code is executed by the application's own runtime."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Code injection"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Code injection"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Managed stores of source code and its change history that teams share, branch and review."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Code repositories"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Code repositories"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Coding standards"@en-gb, "Coding style guides"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Agreed rules for naming, layout and structure that keep a codebase consistent and readable."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Coding conventions"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Coding conventions"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Artificial intelligence positioned as an assistant to human judgement, combining natural language understanding, machine learning and reasoning over unstructured information so that a person, not the system, takes the decision."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cognitive computing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "A vendor-era umbrella term. Use for content that names cognitive computing as such. Content about the underlying techniques is indexed under Machine learning, Natural language processing or Knowledge-based systems."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cognitive computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Wireless communication in which the radio senses its surroundings and adapts its transmission settings to use available spectrum efficiently."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cognitive radio"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cognitive radio"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Collaborative systems"@en-gb, "Groupware"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Applications that let groups share information, coordinate tasks and work on material together."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Collaboration software"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers applications whose main purpose is shared work by a group, such as team workspaces and file sharing. Everyday document, spreadsheet and presentation applications are Office productivity software; email, calls, messaging and conferencing are Business communications."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Collaboration software"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Co-location"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Data centre capacity, in the form of space, power and connectivity, rented from a third-party facility to house a customer's own servers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Colocation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Colocation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Injection in which input is passed to a system shell or command interpreter and executed."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Command injection"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Command injection"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Checking that software works correctly across different devices, browsers, operating systems and versions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compatibility testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Compatibility testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Program compilers"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Programs that translate source code into another form, usually machine code, before it is run."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compilers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Compilers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Compliance governance"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The work of showing that an organisation's systems and practices meet the laws, regulations, standards and contracts that apply to them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Compliance"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Compliance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Component-based approach"@en-gb, "Component-based systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building systems by assembling independently developed software components instead of writing everything from scratch."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Component-based software development"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Component-based software development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A family of nature-inspired methods, including neural, evolutionary and swarm approaches, for solving problems that are hard to specify exactly."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computational intelligence"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computational intelligence"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "CASE"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The use of software tools to support analysis, design, coding and documentation across development."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer-aided software engineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer-aided software engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cluster"@en-gb, "Computer cluster"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Groups of linked computers that work together and are managed as a single system."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer clusters"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the linked groups of machines as infrastructure. For the practice of spreading one workload across such a group, use Cluster computing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer clusters"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The discipline that joins electronic engineering with computer science to design computer hardware and the software that runs closest to it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer engineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Graphics"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The creation, processing and display of images by computer, from interface elements to rendered scenes."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer graphics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer graphics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Hardware components"@en-gb, "Hardware"@en-gb; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The physical components of a computer system, such as processors, memory, storage and peripherals."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer hardware"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer hardware"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Components and structures that hold data and instructions for a processor to read and write directly."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer memory"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer memory"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data communications networks"@en-gb, "Networks"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Two or more computing devices linked so that they can exchange data, together with the links and rules that govern the exchange."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers kinds of network classed by scope or use, such as local, wide area and wireless networks. The physical and logical components that carry the traffic, such as core networks and backbones, are Network infrastructure."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The study of information processing and of the procedures, programs and machines used to carry it out."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer science"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer science"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IT security policy"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A documented set of rules stating what is permitted on an organisation's systems and which controls must protect them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer security policy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer security policy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "CTI"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The linking of telephone systems with computer applications so that calls and data can be handled together."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer telephony integration"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer telephony integration"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Artificial vision"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The branch of artificial intelligence that enables computers to extract meaning from images and video."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computer vision"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computer vision"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computing and information technology"@en-gb; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "The design, building and use of machines that process information, spanning their physical components, system software and the disciplines that study them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computing"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer science education"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The teaching and learning of computing concepts and practice, in schools, colleges and training."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Computing education"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "The supply side of digital skills. Covers the teaching and learning of computing in schools, colleges and training, not the skills themselves."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Computing education"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Concurrency defects"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Defects that arise when threads or processes run at the same time, such as race conditions and deadlocks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Concurrency issues"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Concurrency issues"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Hardware-based isolation that keeps data protected even while it is being processed in memory."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Confidential computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Confidential computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "CMDB"@en-gb, "CMDBs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Repositories that record the components of an IT estate and the relationships between them, so that changes and faults can be traced."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Configuration management databases"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Configuration management databases"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Electronic devices made for everyday personal and household use, such as televisions, games consoles and audio players."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Consumer electronics"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Consumer electronics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Call centre technology"@en-gb, "Call-centre technologies"@en-gb, "Contact centre solutions"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systems that let an organisation handle customer calls and messages at scale, including call routing, queuing, recording and agent tools."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Contact centre technology"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Contact centre technology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Automating the deployment, scheduling, scaling and networking of containers across a group of hosts."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Container orchestration"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Container orchestration"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Container service"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Cloud services that run, schedule and manage containerised applications for the customer."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Container services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Container services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Lightweight, isolated runtime environments that package an application with its dependencies and share the host operating system kernel, rather than each carrying a full operating system as a virtual machine does."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Containers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Containers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "CDN"@en-gb, "Content delivery network"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Geographically spread servers that cache and serve content from locations close to users to cut delay and load."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Content delivery networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Content delivery networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Enterprise content management"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The creation, storage, organisation and publication of digital content under controlled processes."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Content management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Content management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning in which a model keeps learning from a stream of new data or tasks without forgetting what it learned earlier."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Continual learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Continual learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Keeping software in a releasable state through automated build, test and release steps, with the final release left as a human decision."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Continuous delivery"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers keeping every change releasable, with the release itself left to a person. For automatic release of every passing change, use Continuous deployment; for the combined pipeline, use Continuous integration and delivery."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Continuous delivery"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Automatically releasing every change that passes its automated checks to production, without manual approval."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Continuous deployment"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers releasing every change that passes its checks to production automatically. Where a person still approves each release, use Continuous delivery."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Continuous deployment"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Merging developers' changes into a shared mainline frequently, with each merge checked by an automated build and tests."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Continuous integration"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers frequent merging of changes checked by automated build and tests. For the later release steps, use Continuous delivery or Continuous deployment; for the combined pipeline, use Continuous integration and delivery."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Continuous integration"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "CI/CD"@en-gb, "CICD"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The combined practice of automatically building, testing and releasing code changes through one pipeline."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Continuous integration and delivery"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the combined build, test and release pipeline as one practice, as in CI/CD. For either half on its own, use Continuous integration or Continuous delivery; for fully automatic release, use Continuous deployment."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Continuous integration and delivery"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Ongoing automated collection and assessment of system and security signals to detect problems as they arise."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Continuous monitoring"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Continuous monitoring"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Running automated tests throughout the delivery pipeline so that every change receives fast feedback on its risk."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Continuous testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Continuous testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Self-supervised learning that trains a model to place similar items close together and dissimilar items far apart."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Contrastive learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Contrastive learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Law giving authors exclusive rights to copy, adapt and distribute their original works, and setting the exceptions to those rights."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Copyright law"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers copyright as it applies to software, digital content and online distribution. Copyright in books, music and film outside a digital context is out of scope."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Copyright law"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Core banking systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The central systems a bank uses to keep customer accounts and process deposits, loans and payments in real time."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Core banking software"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Core banking software"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Network core"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The central part of a network that links the access networks and carries the bulk of the traffic between them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Core networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the central switching and transport part of an operator's or organisation's network; the high-capacity links that join major networks across the internet are Internet backbone."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Core networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Enterprise networks"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Private networks that an organisation runs to connect its own sites, staff and systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Corporate networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Corporate networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Automated trial of leaked username and password pairs against other services to take over accounts."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Credential stuffing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Credential stuffing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "CSRF"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A web application flaw that lets another site make a signed-in user's browser send a request that the trusting site accepts as intended."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cross-site request forgery"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cross-site request forgery"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "XSS"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Injection of malicious script into a web page so that it runs in other users' browsers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cross-site scripting"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cross-site scripting"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The study of breaking cryptographic systems to recover protected information without the key."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cryptanalysis"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cryptanalysis"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Crypto assets"@en-gb, "Digital assets"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Assets held in digital form whose ownership and transfer are secured by cryptography and recorded on a distributed ledger, such as cryptocurrencies and tokens."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cryptoassets"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers assets recorded on a distributed ledger or represented as tokens, such as cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens; 'Digital assets' is used here in that sense only. Digital media files managed in digital asset management systems are out of scope."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cryptoassets"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Crypto assets designed to work as money, used as a medium of exchange or store of value without a central issuer."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cryptocurrencies"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cryptocurrencies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cryptographic algorithm"@en-gb, "Cryptosystem"@en-gb, "Encryption algorithms"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The mathematical procedures, such as ciphers and hash functions, that perform encryption, signing and verification."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cryptographic algorithms"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers individual ciphers, hash functions and signature schemes as mathematical procedures. Cryptography built on public and private key pairs as a whole is Public key cryptography; the operation of making data unreadable is Encryption."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cryptographic algorithms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Weak cryptography"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Missing, weak or wrongly used cryptography that leaves protected data readable or alterable."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cryptographic failures"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers flaws in how cryptography is chosen, configured or applied; exposure of confidential data from any cause, cryptographic or not, is Sensitive information exposure."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cryptographic failures"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cryptology"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The science and practice of protecting information by transforming it so that only intended parties can read or verify it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cryptography"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cryptography"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "CPE"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Devices installed at a customer's site that connect it to a provider's network."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Customer premises equipment"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Customer premises equipment"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "CRM software"@en-gb, "CRM"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Enterprise software that records customer contacts, history and sales opportunities so that an organisation can manage and improve its dealings with customers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Customer relationship management"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers software for customer records, contact history and sales pipelines; software for receiving, routing and resolving customer service enquiries is Customer service platforms."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Customer relationship management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software that lets an organisation receive, route, track and resolve customer enquiries across email, chat, phone and self-service channels."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Customer service platforms"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers help desk and case-handling software for customer enquiries; software that holds customer records, contact history and sales pipelines is Customer relationship management."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Customer service platforms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Covert intrusion into systems to steal confidential information for political, military or commercial advantage."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cyber espionage"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cyber espionage"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Digital hygiene"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Routine habits and basic controls, such as patching and strong authentication, that protect systems and users from common threats."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cyber hygiene"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers routine practices and baseline controls, such as patching, strong authentication and backups, applied day to day. Programmes that train staff to recognise threats are Security awareness; systematically removing unneeded functions and defaults from a system is Hardening."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cyber hygiene"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cyber resiliency"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ability of an organisation to keep operating through, and recover from, cyberattacks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cyber resilience"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers an organisation's ability to withstand and recover from cyberattacks specifically. Resilience of ICT systems to disruption of any cause, including the regulatory sense used by DORA, is Digital operational resilience."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cyber resilience"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cyber threat"@en-gb, "Cybersecurity threat"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Potential causes of harm to systems or data through malicious digital action."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cyber threats"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers potential harms from malicious digital action and the attack types themselves. The people behind them are Threat actors; harm from people with legitimate access, deliberate or accidental, is Insider threats; synthetic media used to impersonate people is Deepfakes."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cyber threats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "State-directed use of cyberattacks to damage or disrupt an adversary's systems and infrastructure."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cyber warfare"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cyber warfare"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cyber attack"@en-gb, "Cyberattack"@en-gb, "Cybersecurity attacks"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Deliberate attempts to gain unauthorised access to, disrupt or damage systems and data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cyberattacks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers deliberate attempts to breach, disrupt or damage systems, classed by method. The malicious software used is Malware, the code that abuses a flaw is Exploits, and attacks treated as offences are Cybercrime."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cyberattacks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer crime"@en-gb, "Cyber crime"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Criminal activity carried out through, or targeting, computers and networks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cybercrime"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cybercrime"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Security architecture"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The structured arrangement of controls, trust boundaries and components across systems to meet an organisation's security needs."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cybersecurity architecture"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cybersecurity architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cyber risk quantification"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Identifying, estimating and treating the risks that cyber threats pose to an organisation's assets and operations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cybersecurity risk management"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers identifying, estimating and treating the risk that cyber threats pose, as an organisational process. Managing technology risk of every kind, including failure and misuse, is Technology risk management; the risk itself is IT risk; risk arising from suppliers, components and services is Supply chain security."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cybersecurity risk management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Recorded facts, measurements or observations held in a form that can be stored, processed and communicated."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data collection"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The capture of data from sensors, systems, people or other sources for storage and processing."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data acquisition"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data acquisition"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Analytics"@en-gb, "Data analysis"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The examination of data with statistical and computational methods to find patterns, draw conclusions and inform decisions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data analytics"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers examining data to describe, explain and inform decisions; building predictive models and data products is Data science, and management reporting and dashboards are Business intelligence."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data analytics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "The practice and technology of collecting, storing, managing, analysing and presenting data to support decisions and products."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data and analytics"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data and analytics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Enlarging a training set by creating modified copies of existing examples, such as rotated images or paraphrased text."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data augmentation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data augmentation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Representation bias"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systematic skew in a dataset, from how it was collected or who it covers, that leads systems trained on it to treat groups unequally."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data bias"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers skew in the data itself, from how it was collected or whom it covers; the unfair outcomes and harmful content an AI system produces are Discrimination and toxicity."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data bias"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data cleaning"@en-gb, "Data scrubbing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Detecting and correcting or removing inaccurate, incomplete, duplicated or inconsistent records in a dataset."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data cleansing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data cleansing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data dictionary"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Catalogues of the elements in a dataset or system, giving their names, types, meanings and permitted values."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data dictionaries"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data dictionaries"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Test automation in which one test script is run repeatedly against many sets of input data held separately."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data-driven testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data-driven testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The discipline of designing and building the systems and pipelines that collect, move, transform and serve data for use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data engineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Big data ethics"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The study and practice of what is morally right in collecting, analysing, sharing and using data, especially data about people."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data ethics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data ethics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Merging data about the same entities from multiple sources or sensors to produce more accurate or complete information than any single source."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data fusion"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data fusion"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Information integration"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Combining data from separate sources into a unified, consistent view that can be queried or analysed as a whole."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data integration"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data integration"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data lake"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Central repositories that hold large volumes of raw data in its native formats until it is needed for analysis."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data lakes"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers repositories that keep raw data in its native formats until it is needed. Integrated, structured historical stores built for reporting and analysis are Data warehousing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data lakes"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DLP"@en-gb, "Data leak prevention"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Controls that detect and block sensitive data leaving an organisation through email, devices, networks or cloud services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data loss prevention"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data loss prevention"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The process of moving data from one storage system, format or application to another."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data migration"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data migration"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data mining techniques"@en-gb, "Knowledge discovery"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Applying statistical and machine learning methods to large datasets to discover patterns and relationships not previously known."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data mining"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data mining"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Database models"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Abstract descriptions of how data is structured, related and constrained within a system or domain."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data models"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data models"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "AI training data poisoning"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Corrupting the data a model learns from so that it behaves wrongly or carries a hidden trigger."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data poisoning"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers corruption of the data a model learns from, including hidden triggers. Crafted inputs that fool a trained model, and the field as a whole, are Adversarial machine learning."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data poisoning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The collection, transformation and organisation of data by computer to produce usable information."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data processing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data processing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Examining a dataset to summarise its content, structure, completeness and quality before it is used or moved."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data profiling"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data profiling"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Principles and rules, set by a government or organisation, for collecting, storing and sharing personal data lawfully."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data protection policy"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers government and organisational policy statements and internal rules on personal data; binding legislation is Data protection regulation."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data protection policy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data protection law"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Legislation that sets duties for organisations processing personal data and rights for the people the data describes."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data protection regulation"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers legislation that binds organisations handling personal data; government and organisational policy statements and internal rules are Data protection policy."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data protection regulation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An interdisciplinary field that combines statistics, programming and domain knowledge to extract insight and build predictive products from data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data science"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the wider field that builds models and data products from data, including predictive and machine learning work; examining data to answer set questions and inform decisions is Data analytics."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data science"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Information protection"@en-gb, "Security of data"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Controls that keep data confidential, intact and available throughout its life, wherever it is stored or moved."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data security"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the technical controls that keep data confidential, intact and available. The legal and organisational protection of personal data, including compliance with data protection law, is Data protection."@en-gb, "Information assurance is the wider management of information in any form and the risks to it; Data security is the set of controls applied to the data."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Making data available to other people, teams or organisations under agreed terms and technical arrangements."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data sharing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data sharing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The principle that data is subject to the laws and governance of the jurisdiction where it is collected or stored."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data sovereignty"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data sovereignty"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data storage device"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Physical hardware that records and retains digital data, such as disks, flash drives and tape."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data storage devices"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data storage devices"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An organisation's plan for how it acquires, manages, governs and uses data to meet its goals."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data strategy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data strategy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Information visualisation"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Presenting data in graphical forms such as charts, maps and dashboards so that patterns are easier to see."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data visualisation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data visualisation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The practice and technology of building and running central, integrated, historical stores of data structured for reporting and analysis."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Data warehousing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the practice and technology of integrated, structured stores built for reporting and analysis. Repositories that hold raw data in native formats until it is needed are Data lakes."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Data warehousing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DBMS"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software that creates, runs and controls access to databases, handling storage, queries, concurrency, security and recovery."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Database management systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Database management systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Marketing that uses stored customer data to select audiences and tailor offers and messages."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Database marketing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Database marketing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Database"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organised collections of data held electronically so that they can be stored, queried and updated reliably."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Databases"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Databases"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer debugging"@en-gb, "Program debugging"@en-gb, "Software debugging"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Finding, diagnosing and fixing the causes of faults in software."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Debugging"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Debugging"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Libraries and toolkits for building applications whose logic runs on a blockchain rather than on a single operator's servers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Decentralised application frameworks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the libraries and toolkits used to write applications whose logic runs on a blockchain. The environments those applications run on are Blockchain platforms."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Decentralised application frameworks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DeFi"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Financial services such as lending, trading and savings delivered through smart contracts on public blockchains instead of through banks or brokers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Decentralised finance"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Decentralised finance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DID"@en-gb, "Decentralised identifier"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Globally unique identifiers that the identity holder controls without depending on a central registry."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Decentralised identifiers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Decentralised identifiers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DSS"@en-gb, "Decision support system"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Interactive information systems that combine data, models and analysis tools to help managers weigh options and reach decisions on unstructured problems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Decision support systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Decision support systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning that uses neural networks with many layers to learn complex patterns directly from large amounts of data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Deep learning"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the learning approach that trains neural networks with many layers; the network models themselves, shallow or deep, are Artificial neural networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Deep learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Reinforcement learning in which deep neural networks guide the choice of actions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Deep reinforcement learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Deep reinforcement learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Deep fake"@en-gb, "Deepfake"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Synthetic audio, images or video made with machine learning to convincingly impersonate real people."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Deepfakes"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers synthetic audio, images or video made to impersonate real people, as a kind of AI-generated content. Their use in fraud, disinformation or intrusion is also Cyber threats; tag both when the content supports it."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Deepfakes"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DMZ"@en-gb, "Demilitarised zone"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Separate network segments that expose public-facing services while keeping them apart from the internal network."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Demilitarised zones"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Demilitarised zones"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DDoS"@en-gb, "Distributed denial of service"@en-gb, "DoS"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Attacking a service so that its legitimate users cannot reach it, by exhausting its capacity or resources."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Denial of service"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Denial of service"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Separately configured settings, such as development, staging and production, in which software runs at different stages of delivery."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Deployment environments"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Deployment environments"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "How easy, efficient and satisfying it is for developers to build, test and ship software with the tools and processes provided."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Developer experience"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Developer experience"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Self-service sites that gather documentation, catalogues, templates and tools so developers can find and use services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Developer portals"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Developer portals"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software that lets an operating system communicate with and control a particular hardware device."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Device drivers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Device drivers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "A DevOps practice that builds security checks and responsibilities into every stage of the delivery pipeline."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "DevSecOps"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "DevSecOps"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systems that hold a multi-turn conversation with a person in natural language, in text or speech."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Dialogue systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Dialogue systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DEX"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "How employees experience the digital tools, devices and services they use at work, and the practice of improving it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital employee experience"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital employee experience"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer forensics"@en-gb, "Digital evidence analysis"@en-gb, "Forensic analysis"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Collection and analysis of digital evidence to establish what happened in an incident or crime."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital forensics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital forensics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Electronic identification"@en-gb, "Electronic identity"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A set of attributes that represents a person, organisation or device in digital systems and can be verified."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital identity"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the set of attributes that represents a person, organisation or device, and the systems that hold it. The confidence that a claimed identity is genuine is Identity assurance."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital identity"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Intellectual property regime of digital content"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Law that decides who owns, may copy and may license creative and technical works distributed in digital form."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital intellectual property law"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital intellectual property law"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer literacy"@en-gb, "ICT literacy"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ability to find, judge, create and communicate information using digital technology."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital literacy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital literacy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ability of an organisation to withstand, respond to and recover from disruption to its information and communications systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital operational resilience"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the ability of an organisation's information and communications systems to withstand and recover from disruption of any cause, including the regulatory sense used by DORA. Resilience to cyberattacks specifically is Cyber resilience."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital operational resilience"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Online services that connect users, businesses and developers and let them exchange value, content or software on shared infrastructure."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital platforms"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital platforms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Practices and technologies that keep digital information accessible and usable over the long term despite format and hardware change."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital preservation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital preservation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Digital competence"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The abilities people need to use digital technology effectively and safely for study, work and daily life."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital skills"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital skills"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Technological sovereignty"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The capacity of a state or organisation to control its own digital infrastructure, data and technology choices without dependence on foreign providers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital sovereignty"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital sovereignty"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Digital twin technology"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Virtual models of physical assets, systems or processes that are kept current with live data so they can be monitored, simulated and tested."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital twins"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital twins"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Digital workspace"@en-gb; skos:definition "The combined set of tools, practices and skills through which people communicate, collaborate and do their work digitally."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital workplace"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital workplace"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Direct to device"@en-gb, "Direct-to-cell"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Satellite connectivity that reaches ordinary mobile phones directly, without a dish, special terminal or other extra ground equipment."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Direct-to-device satellite connectivity"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Direct-to-device satellite connectivity"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DR"@en-gb, "Disaster recovery service"@en-gb, "IT disaster recovery"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The planned restoration of IT systems and data after a major outage or loss, within agreed time and data-loss limits."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Disaster recovery"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers restoring whole IT services after a major outage against agreed recovery time and recovery point objectives. Taking and restoring copies of data is Backup and recovery; staying up through component failure is High availability."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Disaster recovery"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Unfair treatment of people or groups, and exposure to hateful or harmful content, produced by the behaviour of AI systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Discrimination and toxicity"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers unfair or harmful outcomes in what an AI system does or produces; skew in the training data that can cause them is Data bias."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Discrimination and toxicity"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "False or misleading information"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "False or misleading content that spreads deliberately or by accident, with AI systems able to generate or amplify it at scale."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Disinformation and misinformation"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers false or misleading content and its spread, whether or not artificial intelligence is involved. The potential for harm from AI in general is AI risk."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Disinformation and misinformation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Displays"@en-gb, "Screens"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Output devices that present images, text and video to a person, such as monitors and panels."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Display devices"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Display devices"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computing in which a task is split across several networked machines that coordinate their work to behave as one system."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distributed computing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers work spread across separate networked machines that coordinate by passing messages. Many processors working at once within one machine or tightly coupled system is Parallel computing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Distributed computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Distributed database systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Databases whose data is spread across several machines or sites yet presented to users as a single logical database."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distributed databases"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers databases defined by spreading data across machines or sites, whatever their data model. Databases defined by a non-tabular data model are NoSQL databases; many NoSQL databases are also distributed."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Distributed databases"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DLT"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Shared, replicated record-keeping in which many independent participants hold synchronised copies of a ledger and agree updates without a central authority."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distributed ledger technology"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Distributed ledger technology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Distributed storage network"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Storage that spreads data across many nodes or locations, with copies for resilience, while presenting one logical store."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Distributed storage"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers storage spread across many nodes or sites that presents one logical store. Complete storage systems of devices, controllers and software in general are Storage systems."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Distributed storage"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Redirecting domain name lookups to servers the attacker controls."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "DNS hijacking"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers any redirection of domain name lookups, including by tampering with resolver, router or registrar settings; forging entries in a cache, DNS resolver caches included, is Cache poisoning."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "DNS hijacking"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Document management systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The capture, storage, versioning and retrieval of electronic documents, with controls on who can see and change them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Document management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Document management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DNS service"@en-gb, "Domain Name System"@en-gb, "Domain name service"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The distributed naming service that turns human-readable domain names into network addresses."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "DNS"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "DNS"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Drive-by download"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Unintended downloads of malicious software caused by visiting a compromised or malicious web page."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Drive-by downloads"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Drive-by downloads"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Online learning"@en-gb, "Remote learning"@en-gb, "eLearning"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Teaching and training delivered through digital media and networks, either in a classroom or remotely."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "E-learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "E-learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Edge AI"@en-gb, "Edge inference"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Running trained machine learning models directly on devices or local gateways near the data source, instead of sending data to a distant cloud."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Edge artificial intelligence"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Edge artificial intelligence"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Processing performed near the devices or locations that produce or use the data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Edge computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Edge computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Inspecting and restricting traffic that leaves a network to block data theft and attacker command traffic."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Egress filtering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Egress filtering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ability of a system to grow and shrink its resources quickly in step with demand."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Elasticity (computing)"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the property of a computing system that lets its resources grow and shrink with demand; the mechanism that adds and removes capacity automatically is Autoscaling. Excludes elasticity in economics and physics."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Elasticity (computing)"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Internet banking"@en-gb, "Online banking"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Customer access to bank accounts and payments through websites, apps and other electronic channels instead of branches."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Electronic banking"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Electronic banking"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "E-business"@en-gb, "E-commerce"@en-gb, "Ecommerce"@en-gb, "Electronic business"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Buying and selling goods and services over the internet and other electronic networks, together with the systems that run those transactions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Electronic commerce"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Electronic commerce"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "EDI"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The structured, computer-to-computer exchange of business documents such as orders and invoices between organisations using agreed message formats."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Electronic data interchange"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Electronic data interchange"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "E-HRM"@en-gb, "HR technology"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The use of web-based systems and software to administer recruitment, payroll, training and other people management tasks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Electronic human resource management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Electronic human resource management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "E-procurement"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The use of online systems to source, order and pay for goods and services from suppliers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Electronic procurement"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Electronic procurement"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Online trading"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The buying and selling of financial instruments through computer networks and trading platforms instead of in person or by phone."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Electronic trading"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Electronic trading"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "E-mail"@en-gb, "Electronic mail"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Exchange of messages between people over networked mail systems, used as a core channel for work communication."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Email"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Email"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Protection of email accounts and traffic from spam, phishing, malware and interception."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Email security"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Email security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Embedded computers"@en-gb, "Embedded technology"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computers built into larger devices or machines to perform dedicated control or processing functions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Embedded systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Embedded systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Numerical vector representations of items such as words, images or documents, arranged so that similar items lie close together."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Embeddings"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Embeddings"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Embodied AI"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Artificial intelligence that perceives and acts through a physical or simulated body, learning by interacting with its environment."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Embodied artificial intelligence"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers AI that learns by acting through a body, physical or simulated. Robots themselves are Robotics; robots that apply AI are Intelligent robots; the learning methods robots use are Robot learning."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Embodied artificial intelligence"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Technology still maturing or only recently commercial, whose uses, standards and market effects are not yet settled and which may reshape existing industries."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Emerging technology"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Emerging technology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data encryption"@en-gb, "ICT encryption"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Transforming data into unreadable form with an algorithm and key so that only holders of the right key can restore it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Encryption"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers transforming data so that only key holders can read it, by any algorithm. Handling the keys themselves is Key management; cryptography built on public and private key pairs is Public key cryptography."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Encryption"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "EUC"@en-gb, "End user devices"@en-gb, "End-user computing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The provision and management of the devices, desktops and applications that people use to do their work."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "End user computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "End user computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "EDR"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Tooling that records activity on devices, detects suspicious behaviour and lets analysts investigate and contain it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Endpoint detection and response"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers detection and response tooling whose telemetry comes from endpoint devices. Tooling that correlates endpoint, network, cloud and identity telemetry together is Extended detection and response."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Endpoint detection and response"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Endpoint protection"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Protection of laptops, servers, phones and other devices from malicious software and unauthorised use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Endpoint security"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers products and practices that protect whole devices, such as anti-malware and endpoint detection. The security mechanisms and settings of the operating system itself are Operating system security."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Endpoint security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Classifier ensembles"@en-gb, "Multiple classifier systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning techniques that combine the predictions of several models to obtain a more accurate result than any single one."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ensemble methods"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Ensemble methods"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The discipline of describing and planning an organisation's business processes, information, applications and technology infrastructure so they support its strategy."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Enterprise architecture"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Enterprise architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "EFSS"@en-gb, "File sharing and sync"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Services that keep files consistent across a user's devices and let them share those files securely with others."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Enterprise file synchronisation and sharing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Enterprise file synchronisation and sharing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ERP system"@en-gb, "ERP"@en-gb, "Enterprise resource planning system"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Integrated software that joins finance, supply, manufacturing and people processes on one shared record so an organisation can plan and run them together."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Enterprise resource planning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Enterprise resource planning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Search engines that let people find information held across an organisation's own repositories, applications and intranets."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Enterprise search"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Enterprise search"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Enterprise social networks"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Social-style networking services inside an organisation that let employees post, follow and discuss work with colleagues."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Enterprise social networking"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Enterprise social networking"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software built to serve the processes of a whole organisation or department rather than the needs of one individual user."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Enterprise software"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers software products built for organisation-wide use, such as CRM and ERP suites; the wider systems of data, processes and people that run business functions are Business information systems."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Enterprise software"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Damage to ecosystems and resources caused by the production, energy use and disposal of digital technology, including that of artificial intelligence."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Environmental harm from technology"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers damage caused by producing, powering and disposing of digital technology, including AI: the harm that Sustainable IT practice exists to reduce. Environmental harm from other causes is out of scope."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Environmental harm from technology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Information systems that collect, store and present data on the state of the environment to support monitoring and decisions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Environmental information systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Environmental information systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Techniques that add redundancy to transmitted data so that damaged or lost parts can be found and repaired."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Error detection and correction"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Error detection and correction"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A family of standards for wired local networking that defines cabling, signalling and frame formats."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ethernet"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Ethernet"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Simple devices that repeat incoming signals to all connected ports of a wired local network."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ethernet hubs"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Ethernet hubs"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A structure in which components communicate by producing and reacting to events rather than calling each other directly."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Event-driven architecture"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers designs in which components produce and react to events instead of calling each other directly. The queue- and topic-based infrastructure that carries the messages, such as message brokers, is Message-oriented middleware."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Event-driven architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Evolutionary computation"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Optimisation methods that improve a population of candidate solutions over generations through selection, recombination and mutation."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Evolutionary algorithms"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Evolutionary algorithms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Rule-based systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Knowledge-based systems that encode the rules and facts of a specialist field to give advice or decisions comparable to a human expert."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Expert systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Expert systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "XAI"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Methods that make the outputs and reasoning of an AI system understandable to the people who use or are affected by it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Explainable AI"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Explainable AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Exploit"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Code or techniques that take advantage of a vulnerability to cause unintended behaviour."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Exploits"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the code or technique that abuses a flaw. The flaw itself is Vulnerabilities; the attempt in which an exploit is used is Cyberattacks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Exploits"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing in which the tester designs and runs tests at the same time, learning about the software as they go."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Exploratory testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Exploratory testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "XDR"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Detection and response that correlates telemetry from endpoints, networks, cloud and identity in one place."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Extended detection and response"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers detection and response that correlates telemetry from endpoints, networks, cloud and identity in one place. Tooling limited to endpoint devices is Endpoint detection and response."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Extended detection and response"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ETL tools"@en-gb, "ETL"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A process that copies data out of source systems, reshapes it to a target model and loads it into a destination store."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Extract, transform and load"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Extract, transform and load"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Face recognition"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The identification or verification of a person by comparing the features of a face in an image with stored face data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Facial recognition"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Facial recognition"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The aim that an artificial intelligence system treats individuals and groups equitably and does not produce unjustified disparities in outcomes."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fairness in AI"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers equitable treatment of individuals and groups by an AI system, as an aim. AI that is lawful, ethical and robust as a whole is Trustworthy AI; unfair skew in outputs treated as a risk is Algorithmic bias."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Fairness in AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The outermost tier of edge computing, on or beside end devices and sensors at the point where data is created."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Far edge"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Far edge"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ability of a system to keep operating correctly when one or more of its components fail."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fault tolerance"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the property of a computing system of continuing to operate correctly when components fail. The operating practice that keeps a service up is High availability; clusters built for automatic failover are High-availability clusters."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Fault tolerance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The selection and transformation of raw data into input variables that help a machine learning model perform well."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feature engineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Feature engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The choice of the most informative input variables for a model, discarding those that add noise or redundancy."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Feature selection"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Feature selection"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning in which a shared model is trained across many devices or organisations without their raw data being pooled centrally."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Federated learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Federated learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning in which a model learns a new task from only a handful of examples."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Few-shot learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Few-shot learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Fibre networks"@en-gb, "Full fibre"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Optical networks that carry data as pulses of light along glass fibre cables, from long-haul links to connections into homes and offices."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fibre-optic networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Fibre-optic networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "FPGAs"@en-gb, "Field programmable gate arrays"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Chips containing configurable logic blocks that engineers can reprogram after manufacture to implement custom digital circuits."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Field-programmable gate arrays"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the reprogrammable chips themselves. Computing on hardware rewired after manufacture, as a practice, is Reconfigurable computing; chips classed by taking work off a general-purpose processor are Hardware accelerators."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Field-programmable gate arrays"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Filesystems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The methods and structures an operating system uses to name, store, organise and retrieve data on storage devices."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "File systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "File systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The capture, calculation, storage and reporting of financial records and transactions by computer systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Financial data processing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Financial data processing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cloud financial management"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A practice that brings engineering, finance and business teams together to understand and control variable cloud spending."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "FinOps"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "FinOps"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer system firewalls"@en-gb, "Firewall"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systems that filter network traffic between zones according to security rules."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Firewalls"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Firewalls"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Low-level software held in a device’s non-volatile memory that starts the device and controls its circuitry."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Firmware"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Firmware"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Fixed wireless"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Broadband access delivered by radio between fixed points, such as a mast and a building, rather than by cable."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fixed wireless access"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Fixed wireless access"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Mathematically based techniques for specifying, developing and verifying software and hardware systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Formal methods"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Formal methods"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Formal specifications"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Describing system behaviour in a mathematically precise notation so it can be analysed without ambiguity."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Formal specification"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Formal specification"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "FMs"@en-gb, "General-purpose AI models"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "AI models trained once on very large and varied data so that a single model can then be tuned or prompted for many different later tasks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Foundation models"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers broadly trained models that can be tuned or prompted for many tasks, whatever their size or modality. Models built deliberately small for low-cost or on-device use are Small language models; the largest text models are Large language models."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Foundation models"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Programming that builds programs by composing functions and avoiding shared mutable state."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Functional programming"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Functional programming"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Checking that software does what its requirements say it should do."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Functional testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Functional testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Fuzz testing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing that feeds malformed or random inputs to software to expose crashes and exploitable flaws."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Fuzzing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Fuzzing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Evolutionary algorithms that encode candidate solutions as strings, akin to genes, and evolve them by crossover and mutation."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Genetic algorithms"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Genetic algorithms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "GIS"@en-gb, "Geographical information systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Information systems that capture, store, analyse and display data tied to locations on the earth's surface."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Geographic information systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Geographic information systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Geospatial data analytics"@en-gb, "Spatial data analytics"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Analysis of location-based data to uncover geographic patterns, relationships and trends."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Geospatial analytics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Geospatial analytics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The interpretation of human hand and body movements by software from camera images or video."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Gesture recognition"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Gesture recognition"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "GPU cluster"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computer clusters whose nodes carry graphics processors, used for parallel workloads such as model training and simulation."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "GPU clusters"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "GPU clusters"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Databases that represent data as nodes and the relationships between them, so that connected data can be traversed efficiently."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Graph databases"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Graph databases"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "GUI testing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing an application through its on-screen controls to check that the interface behaves correctly."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Graphical user interface testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Graphical user interface testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Research and practice that treat the energy and carbon cost of training and running artificial intelligence models as a measure of quality alongside accuracy."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Green AI"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Green AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Running cloud services in ways that cut their energy consumption and carbon emissions, through efficient hardware, workload placement and cleaner power."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Green cloud computing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers running cloud services so that they use less energy and emit less carbon, including where and when workloads run; the design and operation of the facilities themselves is under Green data centres."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Green cloud computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Facilities for housing servers that are built and operated to minimise energy, water and emissions, for example through efficient cooling and renewable power."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Green data centres"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers data centre facilities built and run to cut energy, water and emissions; running cloud services efficiently across those facilities is under Green cloud computing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Green data centres"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Confabulation"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The tendency of a generative model to produce fluent output that is false, unsupported or invented, yet presented as fact."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hallucination"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hallucination"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Hand held computers"@en-gb, "Personal digital assistants"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computers small enough to be held and operated in one hand or the palm."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Handheld computers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers computers built to be held in the hand, such as personal digital assistants and rugged data terminals; mobile phones, including smartphones, are under Mobile phones."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Handheld computers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Haptic devices"@en-gb, "Haptic interfaces"@en-gb, "Haptics"@en-gb, "Tactile feedback"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Technology that creates or senses touch through forces, vibration and motion, letting users feel digital or remote objects."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Haptic technology"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Haptic technology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Attack surface reduction"@en-gb, "System hardening"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Securing a system by removing unneeded software and functions, disabling unused services and replacing insecure default settings, so that an attacker has less to exploit."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardening"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hardening"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Hardware acceleration"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Specialised chips or circuits that take over particular computing tasks from a general-purpose processor to run them faster or more efficiently."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware accelerators"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers chips and circuits classed by their job: taking particular tasks off a general-purpose processor. The general-purpose processors themselves are Processors; chips classed by how they are made are Application-specific integrated circuits and Field-programmable gate arrays."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hardware accelerators"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer architecture"@en-gb, "Hardware design"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The organisation of a computer’s processors, memory and connections, and the design choices that decide how they work together."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware architecture"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hardware architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer hardware description languages"@en-gb, "HDL"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Specialised languages that describe the structure and behaviour of digital circuits so they can be simulated and manufactured."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware description languages"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hardware description languages"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Protection of physical devices, chips and firmware against tampering and extraction of secrets."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware security"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hardware security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "HSM"@en-gb, "Hardware security module"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Tamper-resistant devices that generate, store and use cryptographic keys without exposing them to the host system."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hardware security modules"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hardware security modules"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Ports and adapters"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A structure that keeps core application logic independent of external systems by connecting them through defined ports."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hexagonal architecture"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hexagonal architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "HA"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Design and operating practice that keeps a service running through component failures with little or no downtime."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "High availability"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the design and operating practice that keeps a service running through component failure. Restoring service after a major outage is Disaster recovery; the system property of continuing correctly through failure is Fault tolerance; clusters built for automatic failover are High-availability clusters."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "High availability"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Failover cluster"@en-gb, "High-availability cluster"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computer clusters configured so that surviving nodes take over automatically when another node fails."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "High-availability clusters"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers computer clusters configured for automatic failover between nodes. The practice of keeping a service running is High availability; the property of continuing correctly through failure is Fault tolerance."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "High-availability clusters"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "High-level programming languages"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Programming languages that hide machine detail behind human-readable constructs, as opposed to processor-specific instructions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "High-level languages"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "High-level languages"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks that link the devices within a household and connect them to an outside service."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Home networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Home networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Human values for AI"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An approach that builds artificial intelligence to serve human needs, wellbeing and values, keeping people in control of its use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Human-centric AI"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the design stance that puts people's needs, wellbeing and control first; the properties a system must show to be relied on, such as being lawful, ethical and robust, are under Trustworthy AI."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Human-centric AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Human computer interaction"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The study and design of how people use and interact with computing systems, aiming to make that interaction effective and comfortable."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Human-computer interaction"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Human-computer interaction"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Human-in-the-loop"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A design approach in which a person reviews, corrects or approves the work of an automated system at defined points."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Human-in-the-loop oversight"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Human-in-the-loop oversight"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "HRI"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The study and design of how people communicate, collaborate and share workspace with robots."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Human-robot interaction"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Human-robot interaction"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Anthropomorphic robots"@en-gb, "Humanoid robotics"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Robots built with a human-like body plan, typically a torso, head, two arms and often two legs."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Humanoid robots"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Humanoid robots"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Cloud storage that combines on-premises storage with public cloud capacity under a common management layer."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hybrid cloud storage"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hybrid cloud storage"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Alternating telework"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A working pattern that splits time between the employer's premises and another location."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hybrid working"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers working patterns that split time between the employer's premises and another location; working wholly away from the employer's premises is under Remote working."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hybrid working"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Hyperconverged infrastructure"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An infrastructure design that combines compute, storage and networking in software-managed nodes that scale by adding more identical units."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hyper-converged infrastructure"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hyper-converged infrastructure"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Hyperscale"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An architecture that scales capacity out across very large numbers of commodity servers, the approach behind the biggest cloud and internet platforms."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hyperscale computing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the architecture of scaling out across very large numbers of commodity servers. Delivering computing resources as on-demand services, which the largest providers build on this architecture, is Cloud computing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hyperscale computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Published technical requirements and guidelines that digital products and services must meet to be usable by disabled people."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ICT accessibility standards"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the published requirements, such as guidelines and harmonised standards, that products and services are tested against; the practice of designing accessible services is under Accessibility."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "ICT accessibility standards"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organisational rules and targets governing the environmental effects of acquiring, running and disposing of digital equipment and services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ICT environmental policies"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "ICT environmental policies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The electrical energy drawn by digital equipment and infrastructure, measured so that it can be understood and reduced."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ICT power consumption"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "ICT power consumption"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Frameworks that define good practice for the processes used to develop and run technology services, against which organisations assess themselves."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "ICT process quality models"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "ICT process quality models"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IAM"@en-gb; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systems and processes for managing digital identities and controlling their access to resources."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Identity and access management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Identity and access management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The level of confidence that a claimed digital identity belongs to the person making the claim."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Identity assurance"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the level of confidence that a claimed identity belongs to the claimant, and how that confidence is established. The identity itself, as a set of attributes, is Digital identity."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Identity assurance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IGA"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Managing identity lifecycles, entitlements and access reviews so that people hold only the access they need."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Identity governance and administration"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Identity governance and administration"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The creation of new images by a generative model, whether from scratch, from a description or by transforming an existing image."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Image generation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Image generation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The identification of objects, scenes or features in digital images by software."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Image recognition"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Image recognition"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The division of a digital image into regions that correspond to distinct objects or areas of interest."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Image segmentation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Image segmentation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Structured handling of a security incident from detection through containment, recovery and review."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Incident response"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Incident response"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building a system in successive increments, each adding a working portion of the final functionality."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Incremental development"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers delivering a system in working slices that each add functionality; refining the same parts through repeated cycles is under Iterative development."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Incremental development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IIoT"@en-gb, "Manufacturing IoT"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks of connected sensors, machines and controllers in factories, energy and logistics that gather operational data to monitor and optimise physical processes."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Industrial Internet of Things"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Industrial Internet of Things"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Programmable, multi-jointed machines, usually fixed in a work cell, that perform repetitive manufacturing tasks such as welding, assembly and handling."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Industrial robots"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers robots used in manufacturing, classed by their use; the jointed arm mechanism they are usually built around, in any setting, is under Robotic manipulators."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Industrial robots"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Components of a knowledge-based system that apply logical rules to stored knowledge in order to derive new conclusions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inference engines"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the component that applies rules to a knowledge store to derive conclusions. The techniques of deriving conclusions by logic in general are Automated reasoning."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Inference engines"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ICT for environmental sustainability"@en-gb, "ICT4S"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Use of digital technology to help other sectors and society lower their environmental impact, as distinct from reducing the footprint of the technology itself."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the use of digital technology to cut the environmental impact of other sectors and activities. Reducing the footprint of digital technology itself is covered by the other children of Sustainable IT, such as Green data centres and IT energy management."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Managing the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information, and the risks to it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Information assurance"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers managing the risks to information and assuring that it stays confidential, intact and available, including policy and governance; the technical controls that protect data are under Data security."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Information assurance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The automatic pulling of structured facts, such as names, dates and relationships, out of unstructured text."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Information extraction"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Information extraction"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The collection, organisation, control and distribution of information across its lifecycle within an organisation."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Information management"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers information as an organisational resource across its lifecycle, including documents and records; the technical handling of data assets, such as quality, integration and storage, is under Data management."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Information management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Information retrieval"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systems that find and rank documents or records relevant to a user's query within a large collection."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Information retrieval systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Information retrieval systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ISMS"@en-gb, "Information security management system"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Documented frameworks of policies, processes and controls through which an organisation manages and continually improves its information security."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Information security management systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Information security management systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Combinations of hardware, software, data and people that collect, process, store and distribute information for an organisation."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Information systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Information systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IaaS"@en-gb, "Infrastructure cloud"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A cloud service model that rents out virtualised servers, storage and networking, leaving the customer to manage the operating systems, middleware and applications that run on them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Infrastructure as a service"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the service model that rents out virtual servers, storage and networking for the customer to manage. Hosting of websites and applications as a service is Cloud hosting."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Infrastructure as a service"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The definition and management of computing infrastructure through versioned machine-readable configuration."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Infrastructure as code"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Infrastructure as code"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Initial access broker"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Criminals who gain entry to organisations' networks and sell that access to other attackers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Initial access brokers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Initial access brokers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Injection attacks"@en-gb, "Injection"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Weaknesses in which untrusted input is interpreted as commands or code by a downstream interpreter."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Injection flaws"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Injection flaws"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Processing untrusted serialised data in a way that lets an attacker alter application logic or run code."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Insecure deserialisation"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers unsafe processing of untrusted serialised data. Failure to verify the integrity of code, updates and data more generally is Software and data integrity failures."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Insecure deserialisation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Weaknesses that stem from missing or flawed security thinking in the design rather than from coding mistakes."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Insecure design"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Insecure design"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Insider threat"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Potential causes of harm from people with legitimate access to systems or data who misuse that access, deliberately or by accident."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Insider threats"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers potential harm from people with legitimate access who misuse it, deliberately or by accident. Potential harm from malicious digital action by any party is Cyber threats; the people behind malicious activity are Threat actors."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Insider threats"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "LSI circuits"@en-gb, "Microchips"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Miniature electronic circuits formed on a single piece of semiconductor material and holding many interconnected components."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Integrated circuits"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers complete chips, including processors, ASICs and FPGAs, as computer components. The underlying materials, discrete devices and the semiconductor industry are Semiconductors."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Integrated circuits"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IDEs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Applications that combine a code editor, build tools and a debugger in one workspace for writing software."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Integrated development environments"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Integrated development environments"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ISDN"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A circuit-switched digital network, defined by international standards, that carries voice, video and data together over ordinary telephone lines."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Integrated Services Digital Network"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the digital network standard that carries voice and data together on one line; networks built chiefly to carry voice calls are under Telephone networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Integrated Services Digital Network"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing that separately built components work correctly when combined."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Integration testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Integration testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Intelligent robotics"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Robots that use artificial intelligence to perceive their surroundings, make decisions and adapt their behaviour without step-by-step instructions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Intelligent robots"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers robots that use AI to perceive, decide and adapt. The AI approach of learning through a body is Embodied artificial intelligence; the methods by which robots acquire skills are Robot learning."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Intelligent robots"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "AI agents presented as animated or conversational characters that interact with people in virtual environments."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Intelligent virtual agents"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers agents shown as embodied or animated characters in virtual environments; text or voice assistants without such a character, including customer-service bots often sold as virtual agents, are under Chatbots."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Intelligent virtual agents"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Interdomain routing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Routing between separately administered networks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inter-domain routing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers routing between separately administered networks as a practice. The protocol it relies on is BGP; routing protocols in general are Routing protocols."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Inter-domain routing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Data visualisation that lets users filter, drill into and manipulate the display to explore the data themselves."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Interactive data visualisation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Interactive data visualisation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "The internet"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The worldwide system of interconnected networks that exchange data using the Internet Protocol suite."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Internet"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Internet"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The high-capacity links and routers that carry the bulk of internet traffic between major networks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Internet backbone"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the high-capacity links and routers that join major networks across the internet. The central part of one operator's or organisation's own network is Core networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Internet backbone"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IXP"@en-gb, "IXPs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Facilities where networks connect and swap traffic directly with one another."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Internet exchange points"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Internet exchange points"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The shared development of rules, standards and processes that shape how the internet is run and used."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Internet governance"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Internet governance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Intranet portals"@en-gb, "Intranet"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Private organisational networks and portals that give staff access to shared information, tools and news."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Intranets"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Intranets"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Stock control systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Information systems that track stock levels, movements and locations so an organisation can keep the right quantities of goods available."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Inventory management systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Inventory management systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks that use the Internet Protocol to address and deliver data between devices."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IP networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers networks defined by their use of the Internet Protocol; the packet-switching method they share with other network types is under Packet-switched networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "IP networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Internet Protocol version 6"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The current version of the Internet Protocol, with a much larger address space than its predecessor."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IPv6"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "IPv6"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Monitoring, measuring and controlling the electricity used by computing, storage and network equipment to cut cost and emissions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IT energy management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "IT energy management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The combined hardware, software, networks and facilities that an organisation relies on to run and deliver its computing services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IT infrastructure"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the hardware, software, networks and facilities an organisation relies on, however they are owned or hosted. Obtaining such resources as on-demand services over a network is Cloud computing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "IT infrastructure"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer operations"@en-gb, "IT ops"@en-gb, "Information technology operations"@en-gb; skos:definition "The day-to-day running, support and maintenance of an organisation's IT systems, services and end-user technology so that they stay available and perform as agreed."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IT operations"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "IT operations"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Information technology risk"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The potential for loss or harm to an organisation arising from the failure, misuse or compromise of its digital systems and data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IT risk"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the risk itself, arising from the failure, misuse or compromise of digital systems; the process of identifying and treating risks of any kind is under Risk management."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "IT risk"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Information technology security audit"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Structured examination of a system's security controls, configuration and practices against a standard or policy."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IT security audit"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "IT security audit"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ITSM"@en-gb, "Service management"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The practice of designing, delivering and improving IT services as managed processes that meet agreed business needs."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IT service management"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the management framework for designing, delivering and improving IT services, such as service desk, change and problem practices; the hands-on help given to users is under IT support."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "IT service management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IT helpdesk"@en-gb, "Managed IT support"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Help given to users and teams to resolve faults and requests affecting their IT systems and equipment."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IT support"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the help given to users to resolve IT faults and requests, in house or outsourced; the framework for managing IT services is under IT service management, and outsourcing the running of IT as a whole is under Managed services."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "IT support"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building a system through repeated cycles in which the whole is refined with each pass in light of feedback."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Iterative development"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers refining a system through repeated cycles in light of feedback; delivering it in working slices that each add functionality is under Incremental development."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Iterative development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Frameworks written in JavaScript that structure the building of interactive web interfaces and applications."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "JavaScript frameworks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "JavaScript frameworks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Packet delay variation"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Variation in the delay between packets arriving over a network."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Jitter"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers variation in the delay between packets arriving over a network. Delay caused by oversized buffers is Bufferbloat; the performance level traffic receives and the mechanisms that guarantee it are Quality of service. Timing variation in electronic clock signals is out of scope."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Jitter"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A privacy model requiring each released record to be indistinguishable from at least k minus one others on identifying attributes."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "k-anonymity"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the formal criterion that each released record matches at least k minus one others, and the generalisation or suppression used to meet it; removing or altering identifiers in general is under Anonymisation."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "k-anonymity"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Holding a copy of cryptographic keys with a trusted third party so that data can be recovered if the owner cannot."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Key escrow"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Key escrow"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cryptographic key management"@en-gb, "Encryption keys"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Generating, storing, distributing, rotating and retiring the cryptographic keys that protect data and identities."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Key management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Key management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Test automation in which tests are written as sequences of named actions that a framework maps onto code."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Keyword-driven testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Keyword-driven testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software that solves problems by applying an explicit store of domain knowledge, rather than relying only on procedural code or statistical learning."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Knowledge-based systems"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers software built around an explicit store of domain knowledge. Encoding knowledge for machine reasoning as a branch of AI is Knowledge representation and reasoning; the rule-based approach as a whole is Symbolic AI."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Knowledge-based systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Organised collections of facts and rules about a domain, stored so that software can query them and reason over their contents."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Knowledge bases"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Knowledge bases"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Training a smaller model to reproduce the behaviour of a larger one, so that similar results need less computing power."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Knowledge distillation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Knowledge distillation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "The practice of capturing, organising and sharing what an organisation knows so that people can find and reuse it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Knowledge management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Knowledge management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The branch of artificial intelligence concerned with encoding information about the world in a form a computer can use to draw conclusions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Knowledge representation and reasoning"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the branch of AI concerned with encoding knowledge so that a computer can draw conclusions from it. Systems built on such a knowledge store are Knowledge-based systems; the rule-based approach as a whole is Symbolic AI."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Knowledge representation and reasoning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Data in which each example is tagged with the correct answer or category, for use in supervised learning."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Labelled data"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers data tagged with the correct answer or category for supervised learning. The examples a model learns from in general, labelled or not, are Training data."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Labelled data"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "AI opacity"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The inability of users, auditors or regulators to understand how an AI system reaches its outputs or to inspect its workings."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Lack of transparency or interpretability"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Lack of transparency or interpretability"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Landing zone"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A pre-configured, governed cloud environment that gives new workloads a secure and consistent starting point."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Landing zones"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Landing zones"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "LLMs"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Foundation models trained on very large amounts of text to predict and generate human language, and adaptable to many language tasks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Large language models"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the largest language models, trained on very large text corpora. Models built deliberately small for low-cost or on-device use are Small language models; broadly trained adaptable models of any modality are Foundation models."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Large language models"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Base-layer blockchains"@en-gb, "Layer-1 blockchains"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Blockchains that settle and secure transactions on their own base network, rather than building on another chain."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Layer 1 blockchains"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers chains classed as the base settlement layer; the software environments for building applications on a chain, whatever its layer, are under Blockchain platforms."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Layer 1 blockchains"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Leased line connectivity"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Dedicated, fixed-capacity connections rented from a provider between two points."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Leased lines"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers dedicated fixed-capacity connections rented between two points, as links. Networks built from such links across cities or countries are Wide area networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Leased lines"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Legacy software"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Older software still in use that is hard to maintain, change or connect to modern technology."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Legacy systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Legacy systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "LiFi"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Wireless networking that carries data by rapid variation of visible or infrared light."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Li-Fi"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Li-Fi"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Load balancers"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Spreading incoming network traffic or requests across several servers so that none is overwhelmed."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Load balancing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers spreading traffic or requests across the servers already running. Adding or removing capacity in response to load is Autoscaling."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Load balancing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Measuring how a system behaves under expected and peak numbers of users or requests."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Load testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Load testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "LAN"@en-gb, "LANs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks that connect devices within a limited area such as a building or campus."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Local area networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Local area networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Protection of information about where a person or device is, and has been, from disclosure or inference."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Location privacy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Location privacy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Programming in which a program is a set of facts and rules from which a solver derives answers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Logic programming"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Logic programming"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Low-code development"@en-gb, "No-code development"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building applications through visual interfaces and configuration with little or no hand-written code."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Low-code and no-code development"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Low-code and no-code development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Design of hardware and software to perform useful work while drawing as little electrical power as possible."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Low-power computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Low-power computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "LPWAN"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Wireless networks that connect small, battery-powered devices over long distances at low data rates and very low energy cost."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Low-power wide-area networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Low-power wide-area networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Machine translation systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The automatic translation of text or speech from one human language into another by software."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Machine translation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Machine translation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Methods for removing the influence of specific training data from a trained model without retraining it from scratch."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Machine unlearning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Machine unlearning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Malicious software"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software written to damage, spy on or take control of systems without the owner's consent."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Malware"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers malicious software itself, classed by what it does. Networks of devices it has compromised are Botnets; the attacks in which it is used are Cyberattacks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Malware"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Examining malicious software to learn what it does, how it spreads and how to detect it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Malware analysis"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Malware analysis"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Managed cloud service"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Cloud services in which a third party operates, monitors and maintains the customer's environment on an ongoing basis."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Managed cloud services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Managed cloud services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "MDR"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An outsourced service in which an external team monitors, investigates and responds to threats on a customer's behalf."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Managed detection and response"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Managed detection and response"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "A private cloud that a service provider builds, runs and maintains on behalf of a single customer."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Managed private cloud"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Managed private cloud"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Managed security service"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Security monitoring and protection delivered to a customer by an external provider on an ongoing contract."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Managed security services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Managed security services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Managed IT services"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Ongoing IT operation of systems or functions by an outside provider under a defined service agreement."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Managed services"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers outsourcing the ongoing running of IT systems or functions to a provider under a service agreement; help to users, in house or outsourced, is under IT support, and providers running cloud environments are under Managed cloud services."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Managed services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Information systems that turn an organisation's operational data into routine reports and summaries for managers to plan, monitor and control the business."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Management information systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Management information systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing carried out by people who operate the software and judge its behaviour without automated scripts."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Manual testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Manual testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Software that schedules and runs marketing tasks such as campaigns, lead nurturing and customer messaging according to rules and customer behaviour."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Marketing automation"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers software that runs campaigns, lead nurturing and customer messaging by rules and behaviour. Automation of business tasks in general is Process automation."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Marketing automation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer-assisted marketing"@en-gb, "Martech"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The software and tools used to plan, run, personalise and measure marketing activity across channels."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Marketing technology"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Marketing technology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Language models trained to predict deliberately hidden words in a passage from the surrounding context."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Masked language models"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Masked language models"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "MAC protocols"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Rules that decide how devices sharing a transmission channel take turns to send."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Medium access control"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Medium access control"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The operating system functions that allocate, track and reclaim a computer’s memory among running programs."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Memory management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Memory management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "The property of software that prevents invalid reads and writes of memory, removing a major class of exploitable flaws."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Memory safety"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Memory safety"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "MOM"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Infrastructure that lets distributed applications exchange data asynchronously by passing messages through queues or topics."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Message-oriented middleware"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers queue- and topic-based infrastructure that passes messages between systems, such as message brokers. Designs built around producing and reacting to events are Event-driven architecture; other structural patterns are Architectural patterns."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Message-oriented middleware"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Data that describes other data, such as its origin, structure, meaning, format and permitted use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Metadata"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers data that describes other data, as content. Stores built to hold and search such descriptions are Metadata repositories."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Metadata"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Metadata repository"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A managed store holding metadata about an organisation's data assets so that it can be searched, governed and reused."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Metadata repositories"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers managed stores of metadata about an organisation's data assets, including data catalogues. The metadata itself is Metadata."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Metadata repositories"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A persistent, shared three-dimensional virtual space, or network of such spaces, in which people interact, work and trade through digital representations of themselves."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Metaverse"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers persistent shared virtual spaces and networks of them. The digital representations through which people appear in them are Avatars."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Metaverse"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Misaligned artificial intelligence"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The risk that an AI system pursues goals or behaves in ways that diverge from the goals or values its designers or users intended."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Misaligned AI"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Misaligned AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "MR"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Technology that blends real and virtual objects so that digital content is anchored in, and responds to, the physical surroundings."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mixed reality"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers systems in which virtual objects are anchored in and respond to the physical surroundings; overlays that do not interact with the surroundings are under Augmented reality, and fully virtual surroundings under Virtual reality."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mixed reality"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Machine learning operations"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The practices and tooling for deploying, monitoring and maintaining machine learning models reliably in production."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "MLOps"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "MLOps"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Mobile app development"@en-gb, "Mobile applications"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building applications designed to run on smartphones and tablets."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile application development"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile application development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing mobile apps across devices, operating systems and network conditions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile application testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile application testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Mobile commerce"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Conducting business transactions and processes through mobile devices and wireless networks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile business"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers business transactions and processes carried out through mobile devices and wireless networks. Selling goods to consumers through any website or app is Online retailing; tag both for mobile shopping."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile business"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Mobile telecommunications"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Telecommunication with portable devices that stay connected while the user moves."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile communications"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers communication with devices that stay connected while their users move, chiefly over cellular networks; wireless communication in general, including fixed links, is under Wireless communication."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile communications"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computing carried out on portable devices that stay connected while their users move between places."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "MDM"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Central control of the configuration, security and applications of smartphones, tablets and similar devices used for work."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile device management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile device management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "DevOps practices adapted to mobile apps, covering automated build, test, signing and release through app stores."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile DevOps"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile DevOps"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Marketing delivered to people on mobile devices through channels such as apps, messages and location-aware offers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile marketing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers marketing delivered through mobile apps, messages and location-aware offers, grouped with the marketing technology that delivers it as its siblings Database marketing and Personalisation are. Business transactions carried out on mobile devices are Mobile business."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile marketing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Operating systems built for smartphones, tablets and other handheld devices, with touch input and tight power management."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile operating systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile operating systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cellular standards"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Technical specifications that define how mobile devices and cellular networks communicate, usually grouped into numbered generations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile phone standards"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile phone standards"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Mobile telephones"@en-gb, "Smartphones"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Portable telephones that connect over a cellular network, today mostly with touchscreens and internet access."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile phones"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers portable telephones, including smartphones; handheld computers without a telephone function, such as personal digital assistants, are under Handheld computers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile phones"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Mobile robotics"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Robots able to move through their environment under their own control rather than being fixed to one location."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile robots"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers robots classed by their ability to move themselves. Robots classed by doing useful work for people outside industrial production are Service robots; many robots are both."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile robots"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Protection of mobile devices, their applications and their data from compromise and loss."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mobile security"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mobile security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Generating tests automatically from a model of the expected behaviour of a system."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model-based testing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers generating tests from a model of expected behaviour. Producing test cases from requirements or code by other methods is Test case generation."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Model-based testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Automatically exploring every reachable state of a system model to verify that it satisfies stated properties."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model checking"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Model checking"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The progressive degradation of generative models that are trained repeatedly on content produced by earlier models."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model collapse"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Model collapse"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Model-driven architecture"@en-gb, "Model-driven development"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building systems from abstract models that tools transform into code and other artefacts."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model-driven engineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Model-driven engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The learned numerical parameters of a trained model, which together determine how it turns inputs into outputs."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Model weights"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Model weights"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Notations for describing the structure and behaviour of systems in diagrams or text."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Modelling languages"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Modelling languages"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Robots assembled from interchangeable units that can be rearranged to change the machine's shape or function."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Modular robots"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Modular robots"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The degree to which a system is divided into separate parts that can be built, changed and replaced independently."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Modularity"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the degree to which a system is divided into independently changeable parts, as a quality attribute. The structure that gives a system its parts is Software architecture; the parts themselves are Software components."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Modularity"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Varying a carrier wave to represent the information it carries."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Modulation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Modulation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Tools and practices for understanding system behaviour from its outputs, events and measurements."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Monitoring and observability"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Monitoring and observability"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Monolithic application design"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A design in which an application is built and deployed as a single unit rather than as separate services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Monolithic architecture"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Monolithic architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Control of the position, speed and force of moving machine parts so they follow a desired trajectory."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Motion control"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers control of the position, speed and force of moving machine parts. General feedback controllers used for any loop, including motion, are PID controllers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Motion control"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The automated detection of movement by comparing successive frames of video or a sequence of images."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Motion detection"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers detecting movement from images and video; motion sensors such as passive infrared detectors are under Sensors."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Motion detection"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A lightweight publish and subscribe messaging protocol built for constrained devices and unreliable networks, widely used to move telemetry between machines."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "MQTT"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "MQTT"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "MEC"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Processing placed at the edge of a mobile or fixed access network, close to users, to cut delay and ease load on the core."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-access edge computing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers processing placed at the edge of an access network to cut delay and core load. Communication with moving devices over cellular networks, which such processing often serves, is Mobile communications."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Multi-access edge computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Hazards that arise when several AI agents interact, such as collusion, conflict or cascading failures."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-agent risks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Multi-agent risks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systems in which several AI agents interact, cooperating or competing, to achieve individual or shared goals."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-agent systems"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers systems of several interacting AI agents, built or studied as a whole. A single agent acting on its own is an AI agent."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Multi-agent systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Administering workloads, policy and cost consistently across the services of several cloud providers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-cloud management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Multi-cloud management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "MFA"@en-gb, "Two-factor authentication"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Authentication that requires two or more independent kinds of evidence, such as a secret, a device and a biometric."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-factor authentication"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Multi-factor authentication"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IP multicast"@en-gb, "Multicast routing"@en-gb, "Multicasting"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Delivery of one transmission to a chosen group of receivers at once."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multicast"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Multicast"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The combination of text, images, audio and video within one digital product or experience."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multimedia"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Multimedia"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Multimodal artificial intelligence"@en-gb, "Multimodal learning"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "AI systems that process and relate several types of data, such as text, images, audio and video, together."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multimodal AI"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Multimodal AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Routing that spreads traffic over several paths between the same endpoints."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Multipath routing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Multipath routing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Judging the strength of a test suite by deliberately introducing small faults and checking that the tests catch them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mutation testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mutation testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Authentication in which both parties to a connection prove their identity to each other."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Mutual authentication"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Mutual authentication"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "NER"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The task of locating and classifying mentions of people, organisations, places and similar items in text."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Named entity recognition"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Named entity recognition"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "The design and manipulation of materials and devices at the scale of individual atoms and molecules, roughly one to one hundred nanometres."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Nanotechnology"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Nanotechnology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The automatic production of fluent human-language text from data or other non-linguistic input."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Natural language generation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Natural language generation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "NLP"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The branch of artificial intelligence concerned with enabling computers to analyse, interpret and produce human written and spoken language."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Natural language processing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers understanding and producing human language, written or spoken. Analysis, recognition and synthesis of the speech signal itself is Speech processing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Natural language processing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The part of language processing that works out the meaning and intent of human-language input."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Natural language understanding"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Natural language understanding"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The edge computing tier in regional or metropolitan facilities, between end devices and large central data centres."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Near edge"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Near edge"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The overall design of a network, covering its layout, layers and the way its parts connect."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network architecture"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Network architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The physical and logical building blocks that carry network traffic, from the devices at the edge to the long-distance links at the centre."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network infrastructure"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the physical and logical components that carry traffic, such as access and core networks, backbones, exchange points and networking hardware. Kinds of network grouped by scope or use, such as local or wide area networks, are under Computer networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Network infrastructure"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Protocol stack"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Stacked levels of a network design, each providing services to the one above it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network layers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Network layers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Network operations"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The administration, monitoring and tuning of a network so that it stays available and performs to an agreed standard."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Network management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Network performance monitoring"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The continuous observation of network devices and traffic to spot faults and performance problems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network monitoring"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Network monitoring"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Communication protocols"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Agreed rules that define how devices format, address, send and receive data across a network."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network protocols"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Network protocols"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Controls that protect networked systems and traffic from unauthorised access or disruption."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network security"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers protection of networks and the traffic crossing them, such as firewalls, virtual private networks and network access control. Protecting a message or session end to end, whatever network carries it, is under Secure communication."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Network security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Functions that run across a network to help devices find each other, reach resources or share load, rather than carrying traffic themselves."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Network services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The pattern in which the nodes and links of a network are arranged."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network topology"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Network topology"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Combining or dividing physical network resources into software-defined virtual networks that operate independently of the underlying hardware."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Network virtualisation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Network virtualisation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Networking"@en-gb, "Networks and telecommunications"@en-gb; skos:definition "The transmission of data, voice and video between devices and sites over wired, wireless and satellite links, with the equipment, protocols and services that make that possible."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Networking and telecommunications"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Networking and telecommunications"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Network equipment"@en-gb, "Telecommunication equipment"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The physical devices that connect, direct and boost network traffic."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Networking hardware"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Networking hardware"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Neurosymbolic AI"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Approaches that combine neural networks, which learn from data, with symbolic reasoning, which works with explicit rules and logic."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Neuro-symbolic AI"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers hybrids of neural networks with symbolic reasoning. The purely rule-based approach is Symbolic AI."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Neuro-symbolic AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Computing hardware and software modelled on the structure of biological brains, using networks of artificial neurons and spikes to process information with low energy."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Neuromorphic computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Neuromorphic computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "NGN"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Packet-based telecommunication networks that carry voice, data and video over one common IP core."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Next-generation networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Next-generation networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Checking qualities such as performance, security and usability rather than specific functions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Non-functional testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Non-functional testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "NFTs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Unique tokens recorded on a distributed ledger, each linked to a specific digital or physical item, which cannot be exchanged one for one as units of a currency can."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Non-fungible tokens"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Non-fungible tokens"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "NoSQL"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Databases that store data in non-tabular models such as documents, key-value pairs, wide columns or graphs, often to scale horizontally."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "NoSQL databases"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers databases classed by a non-tabular data model, whether they run on one machine or many. Databases classed by spreading data across several machines or sites, which many NoSQL databases do, are Distributed databases; tag both when both apply."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "NoSQL databases"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Object-oriented modelling"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Design that models a system as interacting objects with defined responsibilities, using ideas such as encapsulation and inheritance."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Object-oriented design"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Object-oriented design"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Programming that organises code into objects which combine data with the behaviour that operates on it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Object-oriented programming"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Object-oriented programming"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Office suites"@en-gb, "Productivity suites"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Everyday applications for writing, calculating, presenting and organising work, usually supplied as a combined suite."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Office productivity software"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers everyday applications for documents, spreadsheets, presentations and organising work, often sold as a suite. Software whose main purpose is shared work by a group, such as team workspaces and file sharing, is under Collaboration software."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Office productivity software"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "OLAP"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Techniques for rapidly answering multidimensional analytical queries over summarised data, such as slicing by time, region and product."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Online analytical processing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Online analytical processing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Online reservation systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systems that let customers check availability and reserve services, seats or appointments over the internet."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Online booking systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Online booking systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Internet retailing"@en-gb, "Online shopping"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Selling goods to consumers through websites and apps, from product listing and basket to payment and delivery."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Online retailing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers selling goods to consumers online through any website or app. Selling inside social media platforms is also under Social commerce, and transactions specific to mobile devices are also under Mobile business."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Online retailing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Measures and duties that protect users, especially children, from harmful content and conduct on internet services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Online safety"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Online safety"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Ontology"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Formal, shared specifications of the concepts in a domain and the relationships between them, written so that machines can use them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ontologies"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers formal specifications of a domain's concepts and relations, in any language or setting. The web-wide framework of linked data that often uses them is under Semantic web."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Ontologies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Data published under terms that let anyone access, use and redistribute it, usually with minimal conditions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Open data"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Open data"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Open source projects"@en-gb, "Open source"@en-gb, "Open-source software"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software released under a licence that lets anyone inspect, modify and share its source code."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Open source software"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Open source software"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Publicly documented technical specifications that anyone may implement, agreed through an open process so that systems from different suppliers interoperate."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Open standards"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Open standards"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "OS security"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Mechanisms and configuration that protect an operating system and the resources it manages."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Operating system security"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the security mechanisms and settings of the operating system itself, such as access control, privilege separation and secure boot. Products and practices that protect whole devices, such as anti-malware and endpoint detection, are under Endpoint security."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Operating system security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer operating systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Core system software that manages a computer’s resources and provides common services to application programs."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Operating systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Operating systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Databases that consolidate current data from several operational systems for day-to-day reporting and integration before any long-term analysis."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Operational data stores"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Operational data stores"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Control system security"@en-gb, "Industrial control system security"@en-gb, "OT security"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Protection of the systems that monitor and control physical processes in industry, energy and infrastructure."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Operational technology security"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Operational technology security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "OCR"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The conversion of images of printed or handwritten text into machine-readable characters."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Optical character recognition"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Optical character recognition"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks that carry data as light, whether through glass or plastic fibre or through free space."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Optical networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Optical networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "OFDM"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Modulation that spreads a data stream across many closely spaced carriers, set so that they do not disturb one another, making the signal robust against interference and multipath fading."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Packet switching"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks that split data into packets and send each across shared links independently."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Packet-switched networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers networks that forward data as independently routed packets, whatever protocol they use. Networks built specifically on the Internet Protocol are under IP networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Packet-switched networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Multiprocessing"@en-gb, "Parallel processing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Carrying out many calculations at the same time by dividing work across several processors or processor cores."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Parallel computing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers carrying out computations at the same time on several processors or cores, usually within one machine or tightly coupled system. Work split across separate networked machines that coordinate as one system is under Distributed computing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Parallel computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Writing programs whose parts run at the same time on several processors or cores."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Parallel programming"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Parallel programming"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Recovering passwords from stored hashes or by repeated guessing."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Password cracking"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Password cracking"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Password"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Secret character strings that users present to prove their identity, and the practices for choosing and storing them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Passwords"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Passwords"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computing a collision-free route or sequence of movements that takes a robot from a start state to a goal."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Path planning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Path planning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The automated detection of regularities in data, such as shapes in images or trends in signals, and their assignment to categories."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Pattern recognition"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the task of detecting regularities in data and assigning them to categories, by any method. Methods that learn from data in general, including many used for recognition, are under Machine learning."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Pattern recognition"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Payments as a service"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Payment processing and related financial functions that a provider delivers to businesses on demand through interfaces they connect to their own systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Payment as a service"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Payment as a service"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "P2P networks"@en-gb, "Peer-to-peer systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks in which participating computers share resources directly with one another rather than through a central server."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Peer-to-peer networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Peer-to-peer networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Ethical hacking"@en-gb, "Pen testing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Authorised simulated attacks on systems to find weaknesses before real attackers do."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Penetration testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Penetration testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Workforce analytics"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Use of workforce data and statistical methods to inform decisions about hiring, performance and working conditions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "People analytics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "People analytics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Application performance engineering"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Designing, measuring and tuning software so that it meets targets for speed, throughput and resource use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Performance engineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Performance engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Energy efficiency of computing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A measure of the useful computation a system delivers for each unit of electrical power it consumes."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Performance per watt"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Performance per watt"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "PAN"@en-gb, "PANs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Short-range networks that connect devices around one person, such as a phone, headset and watch."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Personal area networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Personal area networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Personal cloud"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Private storage and sync services that an individual or household runs for their own files, whether at home or with a provider."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Personal clouds"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Personal clouds"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Desktop computers"@en-gb, "PCs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "General-purpose computers designed for use by one person at a time, in desktop or portable form."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Personal computers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers general-purpose computers for one user, in desktop or portable form. High-performance machines built for professional engineering, design or media work are under Workstations."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Personal computers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Adapting content, products or messages to an individual user based on what is known about them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Personalisation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Personalisation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Phishing and scams"@en-gb, "Scam emails"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Deceptive messages that trick people into revealing credentials or running malicious content."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Phishing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Phishing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The lowest network layer, which defines how raw bits are carried as electrical, optical or radio signals."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Physical layer"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Physical layer"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "PID control"@en-gb, "Proportional-integral-derivative controllers"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Feedback controllers that adjust an output using the present error, its accumulated history and its rate of change to hold a target value."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "PID controllers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers proportional-integral-derivative feedback control of any loop, such as temperature, flow or speed. Control of moving machine parts specifically is Motion control; rugged controllers that run stored logic to switch machinery and plant are Programmable logic controllers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "PID controllers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "PaaS"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A cloud service model that supplies a managed environment for building, running and deploying applications without handling the underlying servers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Platform as a service"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Platform as a service"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building and running internal platforms and self-service tooling so development teams can ship and operate software without managing the underlying infrastructure."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Platform engineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Platform engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Predictive modelling"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Using historical data with statistical and machine learning methods to estimate the likelihood of future outcomes."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Predictive analytics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Predictive analytics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data privacy"@en-gb, "Information privacy"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "The ability of people to control how information about them is collected, used and shared."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Privacy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Privacy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Conformance with privacy law and policy in the handling of personal information, shown through controls, records and assessments."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Privacy compliance"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers conformance with privacy and data protection law and policy in the handling of personal information. Conformance with the other laws and regulations that apply to an organisation is under Regulatory compliance."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Privacy compliance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "PETs"@en-gb, "Privacy preservation"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Techniques and tools that let data be used or shared while limiting what is revealed about individuals."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Privacy-enhancing technologies"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Privacy-enhancing technologies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Training and running machine learning models in ways that limit exposure of the personal data behind them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Privacy-preserving machine learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Privacy-preserving machine learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Permissioned blockchains"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Blockchains whose participation and validation rights are restricted to approved parties under an owning organisation or consortium."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Private blockchains"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Private blockchains"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Private cloud computing infrastructure"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Cloud infrastructure dedicated to a single organisation, hosted on its own premises or by a third party."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Private cloud"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Private cloud"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Finding and removing the underlying causes of repeated or serious IT incidents so that they do not recur."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Problem management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Problem management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Business process automation"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The use of software to carry out repeatable business tasks and rule-based steps with little or no human intervention."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Process automation"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers software that carries out business tasks and rule-based steps in general. Automation of marketing campaigns, lead nurturing and customer messaging is under Marketing automation."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Process automation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Discovering and checking how business processes actually run by analysing the event logs that systems record."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Process mining"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Process mining"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Microprocessor chips"@en-gb, "Microprocessors"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Chips that execute program instructions and carry out a computer’s calculations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Processors"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the general-purpose chips that execute program instructions, including CPUs and microprocessors. Chips that take particular tasks off such a processor are Hardware accelerators. Organisations that process personal data on another's behalf, the data protection sense of 'processor', are out of scope."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Processors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Rugged industrial computers that read inputs from machinery and run stored control logic to switch outputs in real time."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Programmable logic controllers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers rugged programmable controllers that run machinery and plant in factories, utilities, buildings and other automated processes. Production in which machines and controls do most of the work is Automated manufacturing; feedback control that holds one value such as temperature or speed is PID controllers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Programmable logic controllers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Coding"@en-gb, "Computer programming"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The writing of instructions in a formal language so that a computer can carry out a task."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Programming"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Programming"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Computer languages"@en-gb, "Computer programming languages"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Formal notations with defined syntax and meaning, used to express instructions that a computer can execute."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Programming languages"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Programming languages"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Fundamental styles of structuring programs, such as object-oriented, functional or logic-based approaches."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Programming paradigms"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Programming paradigms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Work management software"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Enterprise software for planning, scheduling, assigning and tracking the tasks, resources and progress of projects and portfolios of projects."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Project management software"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Project management software"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The craft of designing and refining the instructions given to a generative model in order to obtain better results."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Prompt engineering"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the practice of designing and refining prompts to get better results from a generative model. The prompts themselves, as inputs to a model, are under Prompts."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Prompt engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Crafting input so that a language model follows an attacker's instructions instead of its intended ones."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Prompt injection"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers direct and indirect prompt injection, where an attacker's instructions are typed in or hidden in content the model reads, such as web pages or documents. Corrupting the data a model learns from is Data poisoning; injected input that runs as program code or operating system commands is Code injection or Command injection."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Prompt injection"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The inputs, such as instructions, questions or examples, given to a generative model to elicit an output."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Prompts"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the inputs, such as instructions and examples, given to a generative model. The practice of designing and refining them is under Prompt engineering."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Prompts"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Rapid prototyping"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building early, simplified working versions of a system to test ideas and gather feedback before full development."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Prototyping"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers building early working versions of a system to test ideas, within any development method. The methodology built around prototypes and fast iteration is under Rapid application development."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Prototyping"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Proxies"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Intermediary servers that make requests on behalf of clients, often to filter, cache or hide traffic."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Proxy servers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Proxy servers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Blockchains that anyone can join, read and validate transactions on without permission from an operator."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Public blockchains"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Public blockchains"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Cloud services offered over the internet by a provider to many customers who share the underlying infrastructure."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Public cloud"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Public cloud"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Asymmetric cryptography"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Cryptography that uses a mathematically linked public and private key pair instead of one shared secret."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Public key cryptography"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers cryptography built on public and private key pairs, including key exchange, digital signatures and asymmetric encryption. Encryption in general is under Encryption, and individual ciphers and hash functions are under Cryptographic algorithms."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Public key cryptography"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "QoS"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The level of network performance a service receives, measured by delay, loss and throughput, together with the mechanisms that enforce it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Quality of service"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the performance level that traffic receives and the mechanisms, such as prioritisation and queuing, that guarantee it. Limiting how much capacity users or applications may take, including traffic shaping, is under Bandwidth management."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Quality of service"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The use of quantum computers or quantum algorithms to speed up or extend the training and operation of machine learning models."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Quantum machine learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Quantum machine learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Formal languages used to ask a data store for specific information or to change what it holds."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Query languages"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Query languages"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Question answering systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The task of automatically giving direct answers to questions posed in natural language."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Question answering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Question answering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Race condition"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Flaws in which the outcome depends on the unsynchronised timing of concurrent operations, which an attacker can exploit."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Race conditions"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Race conditions"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Wireless communication that uses radio waves to carry voice, data or video."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Radio communication"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers communication carried by radio waves, including cognitive radio and fixed wireless access. Communication by light, such as Li-Fi and free-space optics, stays under Wireless communication; networks of wirelessly joined devices are Wireless networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Radio communication"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Malware that locks or encrypts a victim's data and demands payment for its release."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ransomware"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Ransomware"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "RAD"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An approach that favours prototyping and fast iteration over detailed upfront planning to deliver working software quickly."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Rapid application development"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the development methodology that puts prototypes and fast iteration ahead of detailed upfront planning. Building prototypes in general, within any method, is under Prototyping."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Rapid application development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Real-time data analytics"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Analysis of data as it is produced, so that insights are available within seconds rather than after a batch run."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Real-time analytics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Real-time analytics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Real time systems"@en-gb, "Real-time systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computing in which results must be delivered within strict time limits for the system to behave correctly."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Real-time computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Real-time computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "RTOS"@en-gb, "Real time operating systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Operating systems that guarantee tasks run within fixed time limits, used in control and embedded equipment."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Real-time operating systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Real-time operating systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "RUM"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Measurement of the performance that actual users experience, captured from their own sessions with a service."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Real user monitoring"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Real user monitoring"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Systems that predict which items, such as products or content, a person is likely to want and present them as suggestions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Recommender systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Recommender systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Re-configurable computing"@en-gb, "Reconfigurable architecture"@en-gb, "Reconfigurable hardware"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computing on hardware whose circuits can be rewired after manufacture to suit different tasks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reconfigurable computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Reconfigurable computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "DRaaS"@en-gb, "Recovery as a service"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "A cloud service that replicates systems and data so they can be restored and run elsewhere after an outage or disaster."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Disaster recovery as a service"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers cloud services that replicate whole systems so that they can run elsewhere after an outage. Services that keep restorable copies of data are Backup as a service."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Disaster recovery as a service"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Restructuring existing code to improve its design and readability without changing what it does."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Refactoring"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers small, behaviour-preserving changes to the structure of existing code. Larger rework of a whole system, often into a new form or technology, is under Software reengineering."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Refactoring"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Generic architectural templates that capture proven structure and vocabulary for a class of systems, to be adapted for specific projects."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reference architectures"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Reference architectures"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Re-running tests after a change to confirm that existing behaviour has not broken."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Regression testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Regression testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Regex"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Compact patterns used to search, match and transform text in programs."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Regular expressions"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Regular expressions"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Conformance with the laws and regulations that apply to an organisation's systems, data and operations, evidenced to a regulator."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Regulatory compliance"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers conformance with the laws and regulations that apply to an organisation in general. Conformance specific to privacy and data protection law is under Privacy compliance."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Regulatory compliance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning in which an agent learns to act by trial and error, guided by rewards and penalties from its environment."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Reinforcement learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Reinforcement learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Relational database systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Databases that organise data into tables of rows and columns linked by keys and queried with a structured query language."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Relational databases"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Relational databases"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ReBAC"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Access control that decides from the relationships between users and resources, such as ownership or membership."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Relationship-based access control"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Relationship-based access control"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Planning, scheduling, coordinating and controlling the movement of software changes into live environments."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Release management"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers planning, scheduling and controlling releases of software changes into live environments. The technical act of installing and activating software in an environment is under Software deployment."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Release management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Homeworking"@en-gb, "Telework"@en-gb, "Teleworking"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Doing a job from a location other than the employer's premises, supported by networked technology."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Remote working"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers working from somewhere other than the employer's premises, whether full time or part of the time. A pattern that regularly splits time between the premises and elsewhere is also under Hybrid working."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Remote working"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Examining stated needs to find conflicts, gaps and priorities, and refining them into clear, testable requirements."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Requirements analysis"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Requirements analysis"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Gathering needs from stakeholders through interviews, workshops, observation and similar techniques."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Requirements elicitation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Requirements elicitation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Discovering, documenting, validating and managing what a system must do and the constraints on it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Requirements engineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Requirements engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Tracking, changing and controlling requirements over the life of a project."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Requirements management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Requirements management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Software traceability"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ability to follow a requirement forwards and backwards through design, code and tests to show where it came from and how it was met."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Requirements traceability"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Requirements traceability"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "AI ethics"@en-gb, "Ethical AI"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "The practice of designing and using artificial intelligence in line with ethical principles such as fairness, accountability, safety and respect for rights."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Responsible AI"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the practice of designing and using AI in line with ethical principles across fairness, accountability, safety and rights. Technical work to stop AI systems causing unintended harm, such as robustness and alignment, is under AI safety."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Responsible AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Radio-frequency identification"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Technology that identifies and tracks tagged objects by reading data from small transponders using radio waves, without line of sight."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "RFID"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "RFID"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A person's claimed entitlement to a meaningful account of the logic behind an automated decision that affects them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Right to explanation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Right to explanation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Risk management"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The coordinated process of identifying, assessing and treating the uncertainties that digital systems and data pose to an organisation's objectives."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Technology risk management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Technology risk management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Robotic learning"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Methods that let robots acquire or improve skills from data, demonstration or trial and error rather than explicit programming."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Robot learning"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the methods by which robots acquire or improve skills. Robots that apply AI are Intelligent robots; AI that learns through a body is Embodied artificial intelligence."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Robot learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Robot arms made of linked segments and joints that position a tool or gripper to reach, grasp and move objects."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Robotic manipulators"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers robot arms of any kind and in any setting. Fixed manufacturing robots, many of which are manipulators, are under Industrial robots."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Robotic manipulators"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "RPA"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software robots that imitate how a person works in an application's interface to carry out repetitive, rule-based business tasks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Robotic process automation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Robotic process automation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "RBAC"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Access control in which permissions attach to roles and users receive them by holding a role."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Role-based access control"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Role-based access control"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Devices that forward data between networks by choosing the next hop for each packet."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Routers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Routers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The selection of paths along which data travels between networks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Routing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Routing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Procedures that calculate the best path for data through a network."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Routing algorithms"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Routing algorithms"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Protocols through which routers share information about reachable networks and agree on paths."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Routing protocols"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the protocols routers use to exchange reachability and agree paths, inside one network or between networks. Routing between separately administered networks as a practice, which relies on BGP, is under Inter-domain routing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Routing protocols"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The practice, supported by software, of giving sales teams the content, training and data they need to engage buyers and close deals."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sales enablement"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Sales enablement"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Information systems that collect and analyse data on orders, customers and sales performance to support selling and sales management."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sales information systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Sales information systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Telecommunication in which signals are relayed between ground stations or terminals by satellites in orbit."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Satellite communications"@en-gb; skos:relatedMatch ; skos:scopeNote "Covers telecommunication relayed by satellites in orbit. Terrestrial wireless links are under Wireless communication, and satellite technology for observation or navigation is excluded."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Satellite communications"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The use of computers to model, simulate and analyse problems in science and engineering."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Scientific computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Scientific computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software that turns on-screen text and controls into speech or braille so that people with little or no sight can use a computer."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Screen readers"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Screen readers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SD-WAN solution"@en-gb, "Software-defined wide area network"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software-managed wide area networking that steers traffic across several kinds of link according to policy."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "SD-WAN"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers software-defined management and steering of wide area network traffic. Cloud-delivered models that bundle it with security services are under Secure access service edge."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "SD-WAN"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Information retrieval systems that index content and return ranked results for queries typed by users."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Search engines"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Search engines"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SASE"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A cloud-delivered model that combines wide area networking with security services such as web filtering and access control."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Secure access service edge"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the converged, cloud-delivered model of wide area networking plus security services. Its parts, such as SD-WAN and zero trust network access, have their own concepts."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Secure access service edge"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Exchange of information over a channel designed so that others cannot read or alter it in transit."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Secure communication"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers protecting information in transit so that it stays confidential and unaltered, for example with Transport Layer Security. Controls that protect the network itself, such as firewalls and network access control, are under Network security."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Secure communication"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Secure systems development"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building security into every stage of development, from requirements and design through coding, testing and release."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Secure software development"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Secure software development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Security awareness training"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Programmes that teach staff to recognise and avoid security risks in their everyday work."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security awareness"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security awareness"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cybersecurity compliance"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Meeting the security requirements of laws, standards and contracts, and being able to evidence it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security compliance"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security compliance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cybersecurity engineering"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Designing and building systems so that they resist attack and fail safely."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security engineering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cyber incident"@en-gb, "Data breach"@en-gb, "Security breach"@en-gb, "Security incident"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Events that compromise, or threaten to compromise, the confidentiality, integrity or availability of systems or data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security incidents"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security incidents"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SIEM"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Tooling that collects and correlates log and event data from across systems to detect and investigate threats."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security information and event management"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers collecting, correlating and analysing log and event data to detect and investigate threats. Automating response steps and orchestrating other tools is under Security orchestration, automation and response, even where one product does both."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security information and event management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Insufficient logging and monitoring"@en-gb, "Logging and alerting failures"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Gaps in recording and watching security-relevant events that let attacks go unnoticed or uninvestigated."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security logging and monitoring failures"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security logging and monitoring failures"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Insecure configuration"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Insecure settings, defaults or unnecessary features left enabled in systems, applications or cloud services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security misconfiguration"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security misconfiguration"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SecOps"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ongoing detection, investigation and response to threats across an organisation's systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security operations"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security operations"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SOC"@en-gb, "Security operations centre"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Teams and facilities that monitor an organisation's systems for threats and coordinate the response."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security operations centres"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security operations centres"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SOAR"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Tooling that coordinates security tools and automates the repeatable steps of alert triage and incident handling."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security orchestration, automation and response"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers orchestrating security tools and automating the triage and response steps of incident handling. Collecting and correlating log and event data for detection is under Security information and event management."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security orchestration, automation and response"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Patch management"@en-gb, "Security patch"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Applying supplier updates that fix known weaknesses in software and firmware."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Security patching"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Security patching"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning in which a model creates its own training signal from the structure of unlabelled data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Self-supervised learning"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers learning in which the model makes its own prediction targets from the data, for example by predicting hidden parts of the input. Finding structure such as clusters with no prediction target is under Unsupervised learning."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Self-supervised learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Semantic technology"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Technologies that attach explicit machine-readable meaning to data so that software can interpret, link and reason over it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Semantic technologies"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Semantic technologies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Semantic web technologies"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An extension of the web in which data carries standard machine-readable meaning, so that it can be linked and processed across sites."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Semantic web"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the web-wide framework of linked, machine-readable data and the W3C standards behind it. Formal domain models, inside or outside the web, are under Ontologies."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Semantic web"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Materials and devices, such as transistors and diodes, that control electric current and form the basis of modern electronics."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Semiconductors"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers semiconductor materials, discrete devices such as transistors and diodes, and the semiconductor industry and supply chain as a whole. Complete chips as computer components are Integrated circuits."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Semiconductors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data leakage"@en-gb, "Information disclosure"@en-gb, "Information leakage"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A weakness that lets confidential data become visible to people who should not see it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sensitive information exposure"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers weaknesses that let confidential data be exposed, whatever their cause. Flaws in how cryptography is chosen, configured or applied are Cryptographic failures."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Sensitive information exposure"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Devices that detect a physical quantity such as temperature, motion or light and convert it into a signal that systems can read."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sensors"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Sensors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Opinion mining"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The automated identification of attitudes, opinions and emotions expressed in text."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sentiment analysis"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Sentiment analysis"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SSRF"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Making a server send requests to locations the attacker chooses, often reaching internal services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Server-side request forgery"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Server-side request forgery"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A cloud execution model in which the provider allocates and scales servers automatically, so customers run code without managing servers and pay only for the resources their workloads use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Serverless computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Serverless computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computers built to provide data, services or processing to other computers across a network."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Servers"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the machines. Server software, such as web or database server programs, is indexed under the software concept it belongs to."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Servers"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SOA"@en-gb, "Service-based systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A structure that builds applications from loosely coupled services with published interfaces that other components can call."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Service-oriented architecture"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Service-oriented architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Robots that perform useful tasks for people outside industrial production, such as cleaning, delivery, care and hospitality."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Service robots"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers robots grouped by what they do: useful work for people outside industrial production. Robots grouped by their ability to move themselves, many of which are service robots, are under Mobile robots."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Service robots"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Separate blockchains linked to a main chain that let assets move between them while running under their own rules."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sidechains"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Sidechains"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The analysis and transformation of signals so that information can be carried, cleaned or extracted."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Signal processing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the processing of communication signals so that information can be carried over telecommunication links. Audio, image and radar signal processing are out of scope."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Signal processing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SLAM"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A technique in which a moving machine builds a map of an unknown space while tracking its own position within that map."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Simultaneous localisation and mapping"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Simultaneous localisation and mapping"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A way of connecting a private telephone system to the public telephone network over an IP link using the Session Initiation Protocol."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "SIP trunking"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers SIP-based trunk connections between a private telephone system and the public telephone network. Voice calls over IP networks in general are under Voice over IP."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "SIP trunking"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SLMs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Language models with far fewer parameters than the largest ones, built to run cheaply or on local devices for narrower tasks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Small language models"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers language models built deliberately small for low-cost or on-device use, whether or not they are general-purpose. The largest language models are under Large language models; broadly trained adaptable models in general are under Foundation models."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Small language models"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Connected sensing, data and control systems that let urban services such as traffic, lighting, waste and energy be monitored and managed more efficiently."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Smart city technologies"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Smart city technologies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Programs stored on a blockchain that run automatically when agreed conditions are met, executing terms without a trusted intermediary."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Smart contracts"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Smart contracts"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SMS"@en-gb, "Text messaging"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Sending short text messages to mobile phones, used by organisations for alerts, verification codes and customer communication."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "SMS messaging"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "SMS messaging"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Buying and selling that takes place within social media, using social interaction, recommendations and in-platform checkout to drive sales."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Social commerce"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers buying and selling inside social media platforms. Selling through any website or app is Online retailing; the platforms themselves are Social media."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Social commerce"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Social networking"@en-gb, "Social networks"@en-gb, "Social web"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Online services through which people create profiles, publish content and interact with one another's content and connections."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Social media"@en-gb; skos:relatedMatch ; skos:scopeNote "Covers the online services through which people publish and interact, as platforms. Buying and selling within them is Social commerce."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Social media"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Collecting and analysing data from social platforms to understand audiences, sentiment and the reach of content."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Social media analytics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Social media analytics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Analysing data from repositories, tests and usage to guide decisions about software projects and products."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software analytics"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers analysing repository, test and usage data to guide decisions about software projects and products. The measures themselves, such as size, complexity and defect rates, are under Software metrics."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software analytics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Software or data integrity failures"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Failure to verify that code, updates and data have not been altered, so tampering goes unnoticed."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software and data integrity failures"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers failures to verify the integrity of code, updates, build pipelines and data. Unsafe processing of untrusted serialised data is under Insecure deserialisation."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software and data integrity failures"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Software architectures"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The fundamental structure of a system: its components, their relationships and the principles governing its design."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software architecture"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the high-level structure of a system: its components, their relationships and the principles governing its design. The activity of deciding detailed structure and behaviour is under Software design."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Bugs"@en-gb, "Software defects"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Faults in code or design that cause software to produce incorrect or unexpected results."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software bugs"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software bugs"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Self-contained, replaceable units of code that expose defined interfaces and can be combined to build larger systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software components"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software components"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Source control"@en-gb, "Version control"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Tracking and controlling changes to code, configuration and other artefacts so that versions can be identified, compared and restored."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software configuration management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software configuration management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Solution deployment"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Making a system available for use by installing, configuring and activating it in a target environment."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software deployment"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers installing, configuring and activating software in a target environment. Planning and controlling which changes are released is under Release management; the wider practice joining development and operations is under DevOps."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software deployment"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The activity of deciding how a system will be structured and how it will behave before and during construction."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software design"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers deciding how a system will be structured and behave, down to modules and interfaces. The fundamental high-level structure of a system is under Software architecture."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software design"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Software engineering"@en-gb; skos:definition "The discipline of specifying, designing, building, testing, releasing and maintaining software systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software development"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SDLC"@en-gb, "Software development process"@en-gb, "Software process"@en-gb, "Systems development life cycle"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The sequence of stages, from planning and design through build, test, release and maintenance, that a system passes through."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software development life cycle"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the sequence of stages a system passes through, from planning to maintenance. Particular ways of organising that work, such as agile or waterfall, are under Software development methodologies."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software development life cycle"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Structured approaches that organise how teams plan, build, test and deliver software."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software development methodologies"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers named approaches that organise how teams plan, build, test and deliver software. The stages a system passes through, whatever the approach, are under Software development life cycle."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software development methodologies"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Reusable code structures that give developers a standard skeleton and common functions on which to build applications."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software frameworks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software frameworks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Code inspection"@en-gb, "Code review"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A systematic examination of code or design documents by people other than the author, to find defects before testing."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software inspection"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers human review of code or design documents by people other than the author. Automated examination of code without running it is under Static analysis."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software inspection"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Designing how people interact with software, including the structure of screens, flows and controls."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software interaction design"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software interaction design"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Licensing software"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The legal terms and technical controls that set how organisations may install, use and pay for software."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software licensing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software licensing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Modifying software after release to fix faults, adapt it to new environments and improve it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software maintenance"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software maintenance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Quantitative measures of code, process or product, such as size, complexity and defect rates, used to assess development."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software metrics"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers quantitative measures of code, process or product, such as size, complexity and defect rates. Analysing repository, test and usage data to guide decisions is under Software analytics."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software metrics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Sets of related software products built from shared assets and a common architecture, tailored to different customers or markets."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software product lines"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software product lines"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Software quality engineering"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "How well a system meets its requirements and its users' expectations, covering correctness, reliability, maintainability and usability."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software quality"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software quality"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Analysing and restructuring an existing system, often in a new form or technology, to make it easier to maintain and extend."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software reengineering"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers restructuring a whole system, often moving it to a new language, platform or architecture. Behaviour-preserving improvement of existing code is Refactoring."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software reengineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The probability that a system performs its required functions without failure, under stated conditions and for a given period."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software reliability"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software reliability"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Documents that describe what a system must do, including its functions, qualities and constraints."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software requirements specifications"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software requirements specifications"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Software reusability"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building new software from existing code, designs and components instead of starting afresh."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software reuse"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software reuse"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Protection of the code, dependencies, build systems and distribution channels from which software is assembled."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software supply chain security"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software supply chain security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Testing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Running software to find defects and to check that it behaves as required."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The human-readable text of a program, written before it is compiled or interpreted."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Source code"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Source code"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Exchange of data between spacecraft, satellites and ground stations."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Space communication"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers links to, from and between spacecraft, including deep-space and inter-satellite links. Satellites relaying terrestrial traffic such as broadband or broadcast is Satellite communications."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Space communication"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "RDF query language"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The standard query language for retrieving and updating data held as linked statements in the RDF graph model."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "SPARQL"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "SPARQL"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Geospatial data"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Data that describes the position, shape or extent of features on or near the earth's surface."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Spatial data"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Spatial data"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An approach that captures requirements as concrete worked examples which double as automated acceptance tests."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Specification by example"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Specification by example"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The assignment of radio frequency bands to services, operators or users."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Spectrum allocation"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers assigning frequency bands to particular services, operators or users. Arrangements for several users to use the same frequencies are under Spectrum sharing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Spectrum allocation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The planning, licensing and control of how radio frequencies are used."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Spectrum management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Spectrum management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Dynamic spectrum access"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Arrangements that let several users or services use the same radio frequencies, including by sensing and switching to free bands."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Spectrum sharing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers arrangements and techniques that let several users or services use the same frequencies. Assigning bands to particular services or users is under Spectrum allocation."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Spectrum sharing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The analysis, recognition and synthesis of spoken language by computers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Speech processing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers computer analysis, recognition and synthesis of the speech signal. Understanding and producing language, whether written or spoken, is under Natural language processing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Speech processing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A risk-driven approach that repeats cycles of planning, risk analysis, building and evaluation, growing the system with each loop."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Spiral development"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the risk-driven spiral model, which adds an explicit risk analysis to every cycle. Repeated refinement cycles in general are under Iterative development."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Spiral development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "A/B testing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A controlled experiment that compares two or more variants of a page, feature or message to see which performs better."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Split testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Split testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Dialogue systems that interact with people through speech, combining speech recognition, language understanding and speech synthesis."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Spoken dialogue systems"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers dialogue systems whose main interface is speech, such as voice assistants. Conversational agents for typed or simple question-and-answer use are under Chatbots."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Spoken dialogue systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Structured Query Language"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The standard declarative language for defining, querying and manipulating data held in relational databases."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "SQL"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "SQL"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Static code analysis"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Examining code without running it to detect defects, security flaws and style problems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Static analysis"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers automated examination of code without running it. Human review of code or design documents is under Software inspection."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Static analysis"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SAN"@en-gb, "Storage area network"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Dedicated high-speed networks that give servers block-level access to shared pools of storage."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Storage area networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Storage area networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Storage system"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Combinations of devices, controllers and software that hold and serve an organisation's data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Storage systems"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers complete storage systems made of devices, controllers and software. Individual drives and media are under Data storage devices; storage spread across many nodes is under Distributed storage."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Storage systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Virtual storage"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Pooling physical storage devices so they appear and can be managed as one logical store."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Storage virtualisation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Storage virtualisation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data streams"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Data generated continuously and in sequence, typically processed as it arrives rather than collected into batches first."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Streaming data"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Streaming data"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Subnetworks"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Smaller logical divisions of an IP network, each with its own address range."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Subnets"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Subnets"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "HPC"@en-gb, "High-performance computing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Running very demanding calculations on machines or clusters built for extreme processing speed, used for simulation, modelling and large-scale analysis."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Supercomputing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers computing on machines or clusters built for extreme speed, the high-performance computing sense. The general technique of running calculations at once is Parallel computing; the use of computers to model science and engineering problems is Scientific computing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Supercomputing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Quantum computing that builds qubits from superconducting electrical circuits cooled to temperatures near absolute zero."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Superconducting quantum computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Superconducting quantum computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Further training of an existing model on a smaller set of labelled examples so that it performs a specific task or follows instructions."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Supervised fine-tuning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Supervised fine-tuning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning in which a model learns from examples that come with the correct answers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Supervised learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Supervised learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cybersecurity supply chain risk management"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Management of security risk arising from the suppliers, components and services an organisation depends on."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Supply chain security"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers cyber security risk arising from the suppliers, components and services an organisation depends on. Physical security of goods in transit is excluded; cyber risk management in general is under Cybersecurity risk management."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Supply chain security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Green IT"@en-gb, "Green computing"@en-gb, "Green information technology"@en-gb; skos:definition "The design, procurement, operation and disposal of digital systems so as to reduce their environmental impact, chiefly energy use, emissions and waste, together with the use of digital technology to cut the environmental impact of other activities."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Sustainable IT"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Sustainable IT"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Problem-solving methods inspired by the collective behaviour of simple agents, such as insects or birds, acting without central control."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Swarm intelligence"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Swarm intelligence"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Coordination of large groups of simple robots that achieve collective tasks through local interaction and decentralised control."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Swarm robotics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Swarm robotics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Symbolic artificial intelligence"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Artificial intelligence based on human-readable symbols and explicit rules of logic rather than learned statistical patterns."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Symbolic AI"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers AI built on explicit symbols and rules of logic, as an approach. Encoding knowledge for machine reasoning is under Knowledge representation and reasoning, systems built on a knowledge store are under Knowledge-based systems, and hybrids with neural networks are under Neuro-symbolic AI."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Symbolic AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Artificially generated data that mimics the statistical properties of real data, used for testing, training and sharing without exposing real records."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Synthetic data"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Synthetic data"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Sysadmin"@en-gb, "Systems administration"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The routine configuration, maintenance and securing of servers and other computer systems by dedicated staff."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "System administration"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "System administration"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ICT system integration"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Joining separate hardware, software and services so that they work together as one coordinated system."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "System integration"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "System integration"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Testing a complete, integrated system against its requirements."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "System testing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "System testing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Tactile sensing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Sensors that detect touch, pressure and texture through contact, giving machines information about their physical interaction with an object."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tactile sensors"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Tactile sensors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IT audit"@en-gb, "Technology programme auditing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Independent examination of technology systems, programmes and controls to judge whether they work as intended and meet requirements."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Technology auditing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Technology auditing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IT governance"@en-gb, "Information technology governance"@en-gb; skos:definition "The structures, policies and decision rights by which an organisation or state directs, oversees and holds itself accountable for its use of digital technology."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Technology governance"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Technology governance"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IT law"@en-gb, "Information technology law"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The body of legislation and case law that regulates the creation, sale and use of digital systems, networks and data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Technology law"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Technology law"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ICT policy"@en-gb, "IT policy"@en-gb, "Information and communication technology policy"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Government or organisational statements of aims and rules for how digital technology and communications infrastructure are developed, procured and used."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Technology policy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Technology policy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The plan by which an organisation chooses, funds and sequences its technology investments to meet its business goals."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Technology strategy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Technology strategy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Telecommunication systems"@en-gb, "Telecoms networks"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks of links and switching equipment that carry voice, data and video between users."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Telecommunication networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Telecommunication networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Telecommunication services"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The sending of information over a distance by electrical, optical or radio means, and the networks and services that carry it."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:narrowMatch ; skos:prefLabel "Telecommunications"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Telecommunications"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Telecommunication law"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Law that governs communications networks and services, including licensing, interconnection, competition and consumer protection among operators."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Telecommunications law"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Telecommunications law"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Government policy on the provision, pricing, competition and coverage of communications networks and services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Telecommunications policy"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Telecommunications policy"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Telecoms resilience"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ability of telecommunication networks and services to keep working through faults, attacks and disasters, or to recover quickly."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Telecommunications resilience"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Telecommunications resilience"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Conference calling"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Live meetings between people in different places conducted over telecommunications links using audio or video."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Teleconferencing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers live meetings between people in different places over audio or video links. Single services combining voice, video, messaging and conferencing are under Unified communications."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Teleconferencing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The combined use of telecommunications and monitoring technology to collect and transmit data from remote assets such as vehicles."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Telematics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Telematics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Telephony networks"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Telecommunication networks built to carry voice calls between fixed or mobile telephones."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Telephone networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers networks built to carry voice calls, such as the public switched telephone network. The ISDN standards for digital voice and data over telephone lines are under Integrated Services Digital Network."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Telephone networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Schemes that assign numbers to telephone lines and services and define how calls are dialled and routed."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Telephone numbering plans"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Telephone numbering plans"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Telephone services"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Voice communication between people at a distance over a telephone network."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Telephony"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers voice calls between people at a distance. Services that combine voice with video, messaging and conferencing are under Unified communications."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Telephony"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Automated testing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Using software to execute tests and compare results automatically, without manual steps."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Test automation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Test automation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Producing test cases automatically or systematically from requirements, models or code."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Test case generation"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers producing test cases from requirements, models or code by any method. Generating tests specifically from a model of expected behaviour is under Model-based testing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Test case generation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Producing the input data needed to run tests, either by hand or by tools."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Test data generation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Test data generation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Mobile hotspot"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Sharing one device's mobile data connection with other devices."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Tethering"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Tethering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Extracting structured information and patterns from unstructured written text using computational methods."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Text mining"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers extracting information and patterns from written text from any source. Mining the content, link structure and usage records of the web is under Web mining."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Text mining"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Image generation in which the picture is produced from a written description."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Text-to-image generation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Text-to-image generation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Threat actor"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "People or groups that carry out, or plan, malicious cyber activity."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Threat actors"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the people and groups who carry out or plan malicious cyber activity. The potential harms and attack types themselves are under Cyber threats; harm from people with legitimate access who misuse it is Insider threats."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Threat actors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Proactive searching of systems for signs of attackers that automated alerts have not caught."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Threat hunting"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers proactive searching of systems for attackers that automated alerts have missed. Knowledge about attackers, their methods and indicators is under Threat intelligence."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Threat hunting"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cyber intelligence"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Evidence-based knowledge about attackers, their methods and their indicators, used to anticipate and defend against attacks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Threat intelligence"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers evidence-based knowledge about attackers, their methods and their indicators. Actively searching systems for signs of attackers is under Threat hunting."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Threat intelligence"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "3D computer graphics"@en-gb, "3D graphics"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computer graphics that model objects in three dimensions and project them into images for display."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Three-dimensional computer graphics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Three-dimensional computer graphics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A layered structure that separates presentation, application logic and data storage into three tiers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Three-tier architecture"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the specific split of a system into presentation, application logic and data tiers. Structures in which clients request services from a server in general are under Client-server architecture."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Three-tier architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning models compressed to run on microcontrollers and other very small, low-power devices."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "TinyML"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "TinyML"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The examples from which a machine learning model learns its parameters."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Training data"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers any examples a model learns its parameters from, labelled or not. Data tagged with correct answers or categories is under Labelled data."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Training data"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning in which a model trained for one task is reused as the starting point for a different but related task."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Transfer learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Transfer learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "TCP"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A core internet protocol that delivers data between applications reliably and in order."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Transmission Control Protocol"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Transmission Control Protocol"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SSL"@en-gb, "TLS"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A protocol that encrypts and authenticates traffic between two networked endpoints, such as a browser and a web server."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Transport Layer Security"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Transport Layer Security"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "RDF stores"@en-gb, "Triple stores"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Databases purpose-built to hold and query subject, predicate and object statements, commonly used for linked data."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Triplestores"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Triplestores"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The aim that an artificial intelligence system is lawful, ethical and robust, so that people can reasonably rely on its behaviour."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Trustworthy AI"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers AI that is lawful, ethical and robust enough for people to rely on, as a property of systems. Building AI around human needs and control is under Human-centric AI; equitable treatment of individuals and groups is under Fairness in AI."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Trustworthy AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "UC"@en-gb, "Unified communication"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "The combination of voice, video, messaging and conferencing tools in one service so that staff can move between them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Unified communications"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers single services that combine voice, video, messaging and conferencing. Voice calling alone is under Telephony; meetings over audio or video links are under Teleconferencing and Video conferencing."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Unified communications"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "UML modelling"@en-gb, "UML"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A general-purpose graphical notation for describing the structure and behaviour of software systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Unified Modelling Language"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Unified Modelling Language"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Data that has no predefined schema or tabular organisation, such as free text, images, audio and video."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Unstructured data"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Unstructured data"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Machine learning in which a model finds structure, such as clusters, in data that carries no correct answers."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Unsupervised learning"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers learning that finds structure such as clusters with no prediction target. Learning in which the model makes its own prediction targets from the data is Self-supervised learning."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Unsupervised learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Application usability"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "The ease and satisfaction with which people can learn and use a system to reach their goals."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Usability"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the property itself: how easily and satisfactorily people learn and use a system or application, including application usability. Measuring and improving it by testing with users is Usability engineering; shaping the whole experience of a product is User experience design."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Usability"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The practice of measuring and improving how usable a product is by testing it with representative users during design and development."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Usability engineering"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers measuring and improving usability by testing with representative users. The property itself is under Usability; shaping the whole experience of a product is under User experience design."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Usability engineering"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "UX design"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The practice of shaping a person’s whole experience of a product, from first contact through continued use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "User experience design"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers shaping a person's whole experience of a product, from first contact through continued use. Measuring and improving ease of use is under Usability engineering; the property itself is under Usability."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "User experience design"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "UI"@en-gb, "User computer interfaces"@en-gb, "User-computer interfaces"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The means, visual or otherwise, by which a person gives instructions to a computer and receives its responses."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "User interfaces"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "User interfaces"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Vector searching"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Retrieval that finds items whose numerical embeddings lie closest to the embedding of a query, matching on meaning rather than exact words."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Vector search"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Vector search"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "V2X"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Wireless exchange of information between a vehicle and other vehicles, roadside infrastructure, networks and pedestrians to improve safety and traffic flow."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Vehicle-to-everything communication"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Vehicle-to-everything communication"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Video calling"@en-gb, "Video meetings"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Teleconferencing in which participants see and hear each other in real time through live video streams."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Video conferencing"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers teleconferencing in which participants see and hear each other through live video. Services that bundle video with voice, messaging and other tools are under Unified communications."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Video conferencing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Video signal processing"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The manipulation and analysis of video signals by computer, such as compressing, enhancing or editing moving images."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Video processing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Video processing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "VDI"@en-gb, "Virtual desktops"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Delivery of desktop environments from central servers to users' devices, so that the desktop runs in the data centre rather than locally."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Virtual desktop infrastructure"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Virtual desktop infrastructure"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Hypervisor"@en-gb, "VMM"@en-gb, "Virtual machine monitors"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software layers that create virtual machines and share the host's physical resources among them."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hypervisors"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Hypervisors"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "VMs"@en-gb, "Virtual machine"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software-emulated computers that run their own operating system and applications on shared physical hardware."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Virtual machines"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Virtual machines"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks defined in software that run over shared physical links and behave as if they were separate."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Virtual networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Virtual networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "VPN service"@en-gb, "VPN"@en-gb, "VPNs"@en-gb; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Encrypted connections that carry private traffic over a shared or public network as though over a dedicated link."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Virtual private networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers encrypted tunnels that carry private traffic over shared or public networks. Per-application access granted after identity and device checks is under Zero trust network access."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Virtual private networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Immersive virtual environments"@en-gb, "VR"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Technology that places a user inside a fully computer-generated, interactive three-dimensional environment, usually through a headset."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Virtual reality"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers fully computer-generated environments that replace the user's view of the real world. Overlays on a live view of the real world are under Augmented reality; virtual content anchored in physical surroundings is under Mixed reality."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Virtual reality"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Virtual switch"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software switches that connect virtual machines to each other and to physical networks."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Virtual switches"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Virtual switches"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Creating software-based versions of computing resources, such as servers, storage or networks, so one set of hardware can be divided and shared."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Virtualisation"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Virtualisation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IP telephony"@en-gb, "Internet telephony"@en-gb, "VoIP"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Voice calls carried as data packets over an IP network rather than over a traditional telephone circuit."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Voice over IP"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers voice calls carried as packets over IP networks in general. Connecting a private telephone system to the public network over the Session Initiation Protocol is under SIP trunking."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Voice over IP"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Security weakness"@en-gb, "Vulnerability"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Flaws in software, hardware, configuration or process that an attacker could exploit."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Vulnerabilities"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the flaws themselves, in software, hardware, configuration or process. The code or technique that takes advantage of a flaw is Exploits."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Vulnerabilities"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Coordinated vulnerability disclosure"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The process by which a weakness found in a product is reported to its maker and then made public."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Vulnerability disclosure"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Vulnerability disclosure"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Continuous finding, prioritising and fixing of weaknesses in an organisation's systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Vulnerability management"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Vulnerability management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Dependency on vulnerable third-party components"@en-gb, "Using components with known vulnerabilities"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Use of libraries, frameworks or platforms that are unsupported or carry publicly known flaws."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Vulnerable and outdated components"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Vulnerable and outdated components"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A sequential approach in which each phase, from requirements to maintenance, is completed before the next begins."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Waterfall development"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Waterfall development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader , ; skos:definition "Computing devices worn on or close to the body, such as watches and smart glasses, that sense, process and display information hands-free."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Wearable computing"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Wearable computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The measurement and analysis of how visitors reach and use websites, used to understand and improve their performance."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Web analytics"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Web analytics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Building applications that run on a web server and are used through a browser."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Web application development"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Web application development"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Applying data mining to the content, link structure and usage records of the web."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Web mining"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers applying data mining to the content, link structure and usage records of the web. Extracting information from written text in general is under Text mining."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Web mining"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Writing the code that runs in browsers and on servers to deliver web sites and web applications."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Web programming"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Web programming"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Services that applications call over a network using web protocols and standard message formats."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Web services"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Web services"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IEEE 802.11"@en-gb, "WiFi"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Wireless local networking based on a family of radio standards that lets devices join a network through access points."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Wi-Fi"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Wi-Fi"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "WAN"@en-gb, "WANs"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks that link sites or devices across cities, countries or continents."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Wide area networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers networks that link sites across cities, countries or continents, whatever links they use. Dedicated rented point-to-point links are Leased lines."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Wide area networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Wireless technology"@en-gb, "Wireless telecommunication systems"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "The exchange of information between devices without a physical cable, using radio waves or light."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Wireless communication"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the exchange of information without cables by radio or light, including point-to-point links. Networks of devices joined by wireless links are under Wireless networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Wireless communication"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Mesh networks"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Wireless networks in which nodes relay traffic for one another, so that coverage extends without a central hub."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Wireless mesh networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers wireless networks in which nodes relay traffic for one another, whether fixed or mobile. Temporary networks formed directly between devices without infrastructure are under Ad hoc networks."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Wireless mesh networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Networks in which devices communicate over radio or other wireless links instead of cables."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Wireless networks"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers networks whose devices are joined by wireless links. The underlying exchange of information by radio or light, including links outside networks, is under Wireless communication."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Wireless networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Sensor networks"@en-gb, "WSN"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Groups of spatially distributed sensing nodes that communicate wirelessly to collect and relay measurements about their environment."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Wireless sensor networks"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Wireless sensor networks"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Workflow automation"@en-gb, "Workflow management system"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Software that defines, routes and tracks the sequence of tasks and approvals that make up a business process."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Workflow management systems"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Workflow management systems"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "High-performance computers for individual professional use, such as engineering, design or media production."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Workstations"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers high-performance computers for professional work such as engineering, design or media production. General-purpose single-user computers are under Personal computers."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Workstations"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The ability of a model to perform a task it was not explicitly trained on, with no task-specific examples."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Zero-shot learning"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Zero-shot learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Zero trust"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "A design approach that grants no implicit trust based on network location and verifies every user, device and request."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Zero trust architecture"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the overall security design approach that grants no implicit trust based on network location. The remote access model that applies it to individual applications is under Zero trust network access."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Zero trust architecture"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "ZTNA"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Remote access that connects users to individual applications after verifying identity and device state, without exposing the wider network."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Zero trust network access"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers remote access granted per application after identity and device checks. The wider design approach is under Zero trust architecture; network-wide encrypted tunnels are under Virtual private networks; cloud-delivered bundles of networking and security are under Secure access service edge."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Zero trust network access"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "AI"@en-gb; skos:closeMatch ; skos:definition "Computer systems that perform tasks commonly associated with human reasoning, perception or language."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Artificial intelligence"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf , ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Artificial intelligence"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Use of technology to carry out tasks or processes with reduced manual intervention."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Automation"@en-gb; skos:relatedMatch ; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Automation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Methods for managing and analysing data volumes or variety that exceed conventional approaches."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Big data"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers methods for data whose volume or variety exceeds conventional approaches. Examining data to find patterns and inform decisions in general is under Data analytics."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Big data"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:definition "The commercial side of the technology industry: markets, deals, funding, leadership, strategy and the channel through which technology is sold."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Business"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the commerce and management of technology as an industry, which is why IT channel sits here. The systems organisations use to run their own operations are Business technology."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Business"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Comms"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Technology used by organisations to exchange information and collaborate with people inside or outside the business."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Business communications"@en-gb; skos:relatedMatch ; skos:scopeNote "Covers technology organisations use to exchange information, such as email, calls, messaging and conferencing. Applications for working together on shared material and tasks are under Collaboration software."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Business communications"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Cloud"@en-gb; skos:broadMatch ; skos:definition "On-demand access to shared computing resources delivered over a network and managed as services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud computing"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf , ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Cloud computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:definition "The planning and movement of workloads or data from existing environments into cloud services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Cloud migration"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Cloud migration"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:definition "Practices and technologies that protect digital systems, services and information from harm or unauthorised use."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Cybersecurity"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf , ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Cybersecurity"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Data centre"@en-gb; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Facilities that house computing, storage and network equipment for digital services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Data centres"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Data centres"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Practices for organising, governing, storing and using data across its lifecycle."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Data management"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the handling of data as an asset: modelling, integration, quality, storage and governance. Managing records, documents and other information for an organisation's use is Information management."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Data management"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Legal and organisational measures, including duties under privacy and data laws, that protect personal and business data from loss, misuse or unauthorised access."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Data protection"@en-gb; skos:relatedMatch ; skos:scopeNote "Covers the legal and organisational protection of personal and business data, including duties under data protection law. The technical controls that keep data confidential, intact and available are Data security."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Data protection"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Technology and practices for retaining and retrieving digital information."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Data storage"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Data storage"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Ways of working that bring software development and IT operations together to deliver and maintain services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "DevOps"@en-gb; skos:relatedMatch ; skos:scopeNote "Covers ways of working that join software development and IT operations to deliver and maintain services. Installing and activating software in a target environment is under Software deployment."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "DevOps"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:definition "Organisational change that uses digital technology to alter operations, services or business models."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Digital transformation"@en-gb; skos:relatedMatch ; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Digital transformation"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Technology applied to financial activities, products and services."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Fintech"@en-gb; skos:relatedMatch ; skos:scopeNote "Covers technology in finance as a subject. Firms whose identity is software-led financial services are Financial technology in Sectors."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Fintech"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "GenAI"@en-gb; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Artificial intelligence that creates new text, images, audio, code or other content from learned patterns."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Generative AI"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Generative AI"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An architecture that connects private infrastructure with public cloud services as one operating environment."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Hybrid cloud"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers connecting private infrastructure with public cloud services as one operating environment. Using services from more than one cloud provider is under Multi-cloud."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Hybrid cloud"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "IoT"@en-gb; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Connected physical devices that collect, exchange or act on data through networked systems."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Internet of things"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Internet of things"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Technology channel"@en-gb; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Business activity in which technology vendors reach and serve customers through distributors, resellers, integrators and managed service providers, and the partner programmes that organise those relationships."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "IT channel"@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "IT channel"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Artificial intelligence that uses data to improve task performance without explicit rules for every case."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Machine learning"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Machine learning"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "Multicloud"@en-gb; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "An approach that uses services from more than one cloud provider."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Multi-cloud"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the use of services from more than one cloud provider. Connecting private infrastructure with public cloud as one environment is Hybrid cloud; a set-up can be both."@en-gb; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Multi-cloud"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "Computing that uses quantum states to process information for selected classes of problem."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Quantum computing"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Quantum computing"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:broadMatch ; skos:broader ; skos:definition "The design and use of programmable machines that sense, move or act in physical environments."@en-gb; skos:inScheme , ; skos:prefLabel "Robotics"@en-gb; skos:scopeNote "Covers the design and use of programmable machines that sense, move or act, and the kinds of robot. AI that learns by acting through a body, physical or simulated, is Embodied artificial intelligence."@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet , ; schema:name "Robotics"@en-gb. dct:license ; dct:publisher ; a skos:Concept, schema:DefinedTerm; skos:altLabel "SaaS"@en-gb; skos:broadMatch ; skos:definition "Software supplied as an online service that a provider operates and users access over a network."@en-gb; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Software as a service"@en-gb; skos:topConceptOf ; schema:inDefinedTermSet ; schema:name "Software as a service"@en-gb.